央视网消息（焦点访谈）：碳达峰、碳中和，也就是人们常说的“双碳”，现在是社会上大家比较关注的一个热点。对于世界来说，“双碳”关系到我们的大国责任、大国担当；对于国内来讲，“双碳”关系到可持续发展、高质量发展。中国要践行承诺，力争2030年前实现碳达峰、2060年前实现碳中和这一目标并不容易。习近平总书记在今年4月出席领导人气候峰会时指出：“中国承诺实现从碳达峰到碳中和的时间，远远短于发达国家所用时间，需要中方付出艰苦努力。”为此，国家也正在出台各种举措，拿出具体办法。这其中，开展碳交易就是重要措施之一。

CCTV焦点访谈：碳交易助力碳减排

今年7月16日，在前期7个试点省市市场多年运行的基础上，全国碳排放权交易市场正式上线运行。由于火力发电企业主要使用燃煤、天然气发电，是我国碳排放量最大的行业。因此，2162家火力发电企业被首批纳入全国碳市场。
　　张波是华润电力华中分公司负责碳资产的高级工程师，8月23日，张波代表企业在湖北碳排放权交易中心进行交易系统的网上开户登记。注册、登记、开户，张波忙活的这些事情都是为接下来企业开展碳排放权交易做准备。那么，碳排放权到底指的是什么呢？这还得从什么是碳排放说起。碳排放指的就是二氧化碳排放，而二氧化碳这种气体和甲烷、氧化亚氮、含氟气体等统称为温室气体，它们吸收地表反射的太阳辐射，使大气变暖，产生类似“温室”的效应。
　　碳排放权实际上就是国家针对企业二氧化碳排放发放的许可，也叫配额。我国经济体量大，高能耗、高排放的产业比重高，虽然近年来不断推进绿色转型，但如何实现降碳减排，仍然面临较大的挑战。给相关企业发放碳排放配额，对于控制二氧化碳排放有重要意义。
　　发放碳排放配额，也就是碳排放权，这只是一个抓手，如何让这个抓手发挥更大的作用，这就需要碳排放权交易市场出场了。
　　碳配额交易以吨为计价单位。华润电力华中分公司下属的宜昌电厂今年盈余了50多万吨的配额，在开户成功后，他们尝试了第一笔交易，既是想了解一下全国的市场行情，也是为以后的大范围交易探探路。
　　既然发放碳排放配额是为了控制企业二氧化碳的排放，为什么这个排放配额在企业间还能相互买卖呢？
　　在上个世纪九十年代之前，占全球人口20%的发达国家排放了70%的温室气体，是当之无愧的“排放主体”。随着经济的持续发展和全球气候变化，世界各国都面临着碳减排的挑战。
　　作为一个负责任的发展中大国，我国近年来积极参与国际社会碳减排，一方面，积极开展科技创新、产业转型和升级使得减排效果明显，同时，大力开展能源转型和清洁能源利用。另外，我国的森林面积和森林蓄积量连续增长，而森林植被可以有效吸收二氧化碳，因此也起到了很好的固碳作用。
　　习近平总书记在2020年9月的联合国大会发言时表示，中国将提高国家自主贡献力度，力争2030年前二氧化碳排放达到峰值，争取2060年前实现碳中和，这是我国向国际社会作出的一项庄严的承诺。为更好更快达成这个目标，国家出台了一系列政策措施，其中，碳排放权交易是一个非常重要的手段。
　　孙桢介绍，目前，碳排放配额是免费分配，分配的基准值是国家参照企业所在行业内相对先进的碳排放水平来确定的，一家企业每年获得的配额就是这个基准值乘以企业当年的实际产量，产量越高，配额越多；但同时，产量越高也意味着碳排放量越高。所以，技术先进、减排能力强的企业碳配额就会产生盈余；反之，技术落后、减排能力差的企业碳配额就会产生缺口。而且，随着时间推移，国家对基准值的标准设定会越来越严，这也意味着每家企业所获得的配额会逐年降低。
　　碳排放权交易制度是如何促进企业减排，如何发挥降低碳排放总量作用的呢？以华润电力（宜昌）有限公司为例，作为一家2014年上半年投产的中型发电厂，2020年的发电量大约30亿度，可以供应约80万城市人口的生产生活用电。
　　2013年，湖北省碳排放权交易市场试点启动，根据要求，省内企业的碳排放配额逐年降低。华润电力（宜昌）有限公司碳排放配额开始紧缺，2016—2018年期间，每年都要花费几百万元到碳市场上去购买配额。为了减轻减排压力和降低运行成本，华润电力（宜昌）有限公司先后进行了多项技术改造，共投入近5000万元资金。
　　这个长远账电厂是这样算的：2017年公司发电量约30亿度，供热量420万吉焦，使用燃煤是141万吨，二氧化碳排放量285万吨，多项技改完成后2020年公司发电量还是30亿度，供热量583万吉焦，增加了163万吉焦，燃煤使用量134万吨，耗煤减少了7万吨，二氧化碳排放量266万吨，相比2017年减少了19万吨，实现了碳排放总量的下降。过去，公司每发一千度电，排放二氧化碳0.77吨，现在是0.58吨，同比降低了24%，在行业里处于领先水平。
　　一方面是政策推着走，一方面是市场牵着走，政策手段和市场手段双管齐下，推动企业不断节能增效，实现高质量低碳发展，这正是建立碳排放交易体系的意义所在。9月13日，全国碳市场碳排放配额收盘价45.62元/吨，较前一日上涨3.68%。截至9月13日，碳排放配额累计成交量844万多吨。随着配额的逐步收紧，交易价格的上涨是大势所趋，这对于技术落后、排放量高、配额有缺口的企业来说，会面临越来越大的成本压力，但对于技术先进、排放量低、配额有盈余的企业来说是一大利好。
　　碳交易虽然刚刚正式起步，但靠着政策引导、市场运作，已经产生了一定的示范效应。但是，实现碳达峰、碳中和是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革，要把碳达峰、碳中和纳入生态文明建设整体布局。现在，很多地方都在积极行动，把“双碳”当作一项重点工作来抓。但推进过程中，也有些地方出现了一些偏差，暴露了一些问题。对此，中共中央政治局7月30日召开的会议就强调，坚持全国一盘棋，纠正运动式“减碳”，先立后破，坚决遏制“两高”项目盲目发展。打好基础，循序渐进、稳中求进，减碳才能见成效，“双碳”目标才能高质量实现。
编辑：君君.环评互联网

来源：央视网

CCTV news (focus interview) : Carbon peak, carbon neutrality, also known as "double carbon", is now a hot topic of concern in the society.For the world, "double carbon" bears on our responsibility as a major country.For China, "dual carbon" is related to sustainable and high-quality development. It will not be easy for China to fulfill its commitment to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2060.At the Leaders' Climate Summit in April this year, Xi Jinping pointed out that "the time China has pledged to go from carbon peak to carbon neutral is much shorter than that of developed countries, which requires strenuous efforts from China." To this end, the state is also introducing various measures to come up with specific measures.Among them, carbon trading is one of the important measures.

On July 16 this year, the national carbon emission trading market officially came into operation on the basis of the previous seven pilot cities and provinces.Because thermal power enterprises mainly use coal and natural gas to generate electricity, they are the industry with the largest carbon emissions in China.As a result, 2,162 thermal power plants were included in the first batch of the national carbon market.

On August 23, Zhang Bo, a senior engineer in charge of carbon assets at The Central China Branch of China Resources Power co., LTD., registered an online account in the hubei Carbon Emission Trading Center on behalf of the enterprise. Registration, registration, account opening, Zhang Bo busy these things are for the next enterprise to carry out carbon emissions trading preparation.So what exactly do carbon permits mean? It starts with what carbon emissions are.Carbon emissions refer to carbon dioxide emissions, which, along with methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases, are collectively known as greenhouse gases. They absorb solar radiation reflected from the earth's surface and warm the atmosphere, creating a "greenhouse" effect.

Carbon emission permits are actually permits, also known as quotas, issued by the state for enterprises to emit carbon dioxide.China's economy is large in size, and the proportion of industries with high energy consumption and high emissions is high. Although green transformation has been continuously promoted in recent years, how to achieve carbon reduction and emission reduction still faces great challenges. Granting carbon emission quota to relevant enterprises is of great significance for controlling carbon dioxide emission.

Issue carbon emission quota, also is carbon emission right, this is just a handle, how to make this handle play a greater role, this needs carbon emission right trading market.

Carbon quota trading is denominated in tons.The Yichang power plant, a subsidiary of China Resources Power In Central China, had a surplus of more than half a million tons this year. After opening a successful account, they tried their first deal, both to learn about the national market and to explore the way for future large-scale transactions.

Given that carbon allowances are issued to control companies' emissions of carbon dioxide, why can they be bought and sold among companies?

Before the 1990s, developed countries, which account for 20 percent of the world's population, were responsible for 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. With the continuous economic development and global climate change, all countries in the world are facing the challenge of carbon emission reduction.

As a responsible large developing country, China has taken an active part in carbon emission reduction in the international community in recent years. On the one hand, China has actively carried out scientific and technological innovation, industrial transformation and upgrading to achieve obvious emission reduction effects. At the same time, China has vigorously carried out energy transformation and clean energy utilization. In addition, China's forest area and forest stock increase continuously, and forest vegetation can effectively absorb carbon dioxide, so it also plays a good role in carbon sequestration.

In his speech at the UN General Assembly in September 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping said that China will increase its nationally determined contribution, strive to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This is a solemn commitment China has made to the international community. In order to achieve this goal better and faster, the country has introduced a series of policy measures, among which carbon emission trading is a very important means.

At present, carbon emission quota is allocated free of charge. The allocation base value is determined by the government according to the relatively advanced carbon emission level of the industry in which an enterprise is located. The annual quota of an enterprise is multiplied by the base value of the actual output of the enterprise in that year. But at the same time, higher production means higher carbon emissions.Therefore, the carbon quota of enterprises with advanced technology and strong emission reduction capacity will produce surplus; On the contrary, the carbon quota of enterprises with backward technology and poor emission reduction ability will produce a gap.Moreover, as time goes on, the country sets more and more strict standards on the benchmark value, which means that each company will receive a lower quota each year.

How does the carbon emission trading system promote enterprises to reduce emissions, and how does it play the role of reducing total carbon emissions? Take China Resources Power (Yichang) Co., LTD., for example, as a medium-sized power plant put into operation in the first half of 2014, it will generate about 3 billion KWH of electricity in 2020, which can supply electricity for production and living of about 800,000 urban population.

In 2013, the pilot carbon emission trading market of Hubei Province was launched. According to the requirements, the carbon emission quota of enterprises in hubei province decreased year by year. China Resources Power (Yichang) Co., Ltd. began to be short of carbon emission quotas. From 2016 to 2018, it spent several million yuan to purchase quotas in the carbon market every year. In order to reduce the pressure of emission reduction and reduce the operating cost, China Resources Power (Yichang) Co., Ltd. has carried out a number of technical transformation, with a total investment of nearly 50 million yuan.

The long-term account of the power plant is as follows:In 2017, the power generation of the company is about 3 billion KWH, with a heating capacity of 4.2 million GIGajoules, using 1.41 million tons of coal and carbon dioxide emission of 2.85 million tons. In 2020, after the completion of a number of technical improvements, the power generation of the company is still 3 billion KWH, with a heating capacity of 5.83 million gigajoules, an increase of 1.63 million gigajoules, coal consumption of 1.34 million tons, and coal consumption reduced by 70,000 tons. Carbon dioxide emissions reached 2.66 million tons, 190,000 tons less than in 2017, realizing the decline in total carbon emissions.In the past, the company emitted 0.77 tons of carbon dioxide per 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity. Now it emits 0.58 tons of carbon dioxide, down 24 percent year-on-year and leading the industry.

On the one hand, it is driven by policy, on the other hand, it is driven by the market. Both policy and market measures will promote enterprises to continuously save energy and increase efficiency, and realize high-quality and low-carbon development. This is exactly the significance of establishing the carbon emission trading system. On September 13, the closing price of carbon emission quota in the national carbon market was 45.62 yuan/ton, up 3.68% from the previous day. As of September 13, the cumulative trading volume of carbon emission quota exceeded 8.44 million tons. With the gradual tightening of the quota, the rising of the transaction price is the general trend, which will face increasing cost pressure for the enterprises with backward technology, high emissions and quota gap, but for the enterprises with advanced technology, low emissions and quota surplus, it is a great boon.

Although carbon trading has just started formally, it has already produced a demonstration effect by relying on policy guidance and market operation. However, achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a broad and profound systemic economic and social change, and we need to integrate it into the overall plan of ecological progress. Now, many places are taking active actions to treat "double carbon" as a priority.However, in the process of pushing forward, some deviations occurred in some places, exposing some problems. In response, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting on July 30, stressed that the country should stick to a chess game, correct the campaign style of "carbon reduction", and resolutely curb the blind development of the "two high energy consumption" projects.Only by laying a solid foundation and making progress step by step while maintaining stability can carbon reduction achieve results, and the "dual carbon" target be achieved with high quality.

Editor: Junjun. eia Internet

Source: CCTV.com