随着国家推动“双碳”，很多人关注光伏发电，太阳能光伏发电投资靠谱吗现在许多农村的房顶和山坡上都安装着几排光伏板，据说是国家大力扶持的光伏发电项目。只需要安装几块光伏板，就能靠太阳能发电赚钱，再不济可以发电自己用。这种光伏发电项目真的靠谱吗？如果真的这么好，为什么城里很少安装呢？
      光伏发电到底是什么？光伏发电是太阳能发电的其中一种形式。我们可以将太阳能发电分为热发电和光发电。
热发电就是先将太阳能转化为热能，再将热能转化为电能。如半导体或金属材料的温差发电，光发电就是直接将光能转化为电能。光发电的形式包括光伏发电，光化学发电、光感应发电和光生物发电。目前得到实际且广范围运用的就是光伏发电。光伏发电是太阳能光伏发电系统的简称，我们常看到的光伏板，可以将太阳照射到上面的能量全部吸收，然后通过光伏组件和逆变器将吸收到的光能直接转化为电能。
         光伏真的能赚钱吗？收益从哪来？光伏发电的收益有三部分组成：光伏发电节约电费的收益；光伏发电补贴收益；光伏发电卖电收益。光伏发电节约电费。也就是自己的设备发电后自己用，将太阳能光伏板产生的直流电通过逆变器转化为交流电后供自家的电器使用。这种模式可能会存在的问题就是，只有白天能使用自家发的电，晚上则要使用国家电网的电。不过也有盈余储能的模式，就是将白天用不完的电储存在蓄电池里，供晚上使用。
       光伏发电补贴收益。就是国家给补贴给你的钱。从前为了大力扶持光伏安装工程，户用光伏电站可以享受每度电3分钱的补贴，按照全发电量进行补贴。但国家发改委决定从2022年开始不再实行补贴，2021年将是补贴的最后一年。不过除了国家的补贴，有些地方上也是有额外补贴的，而且地方制定的补贴政策与国家政策不冲突。
光伏发电卖电收益。如果自家盈余储能过剩、或只想投资光伏赚钱，就可以通过余电上网的模式。将剩下的电能或全部电能上传到国家电网，电网就会根据当地的燃煤发电基准价付给你收益。光伏发电赚钱到底是不是骗局？为什么城里没人装？很多农村的朋友拿着半辈子的积蓄或是拆迁款，兴冲冲地找到一家光伏设备公司，就往家里安装光伏设备，坐等赚钱，但设备总是坏，一两年就要换一次。甚至有人没有启动资金，但被某些不正规的公司欺骗，贷款购买光伏设备，但是最后无良公司人去楼空，不但没有安装设备，自己还背上了几万元的贷款。
这是否就说明了，户用光伏发电站这个项目，完全是个骗局呢？
       首先，光伏发电是我国扶贫减贫项目的重点工程，是精准扶贫的重要手段之一，不但可以帮助老百姓脱贫，还能有效地推动国家经济的可持续发展。起初是一项扶贫项目，成本由国家和公司承担，脱贫攻坚取得成效后，光伏发电站逐渐发展成为了一项惠民的投资项目。简单来说，老百姓通过正规渠道安装的光伏发电站，是一项真实存在的好项目。但是，任何一项惠民项目都会有投机公司钻空子，使用各种营销手段，吹嘘光伏发电的收益，只给老百姓画饼，却不讲其中的风险。很多求财心切的人就会上当，买到劣质设备，甚至直接被骗去钱财。
       既然能赚钱，为什么城里人不装呢？
       城里的房子大多为高层楼房，要装光伏板只能装在楼顶，但楼顶的产权并不是归顶楼的住户所有，如果顶楼的住户想要建设光伏电站，要通过全体业主、物业公司和城市管理单位的同意，但一般情况下这是不可能的但是农村的房屋屋顶产权没有争议，可以自己支配如何使用，设备拆装自由。而且农村的房屋普遍较矮，很少超过5层，不容易受到遮挡，可以充分地吸收阳光发电，让发电量最大化。某个村庄光伏板已基本普及安装.而且国家级的大型光伏发电厂也都是建在日照丰富的偏远山区，所以安装光伏这件事是因地制宜，算是在农村才能享有的一个项目，城市里想装也装不了。
        我想安装光伏，怎么安装，多久能有收益？如果是个人投资，首先要和靠谱的光伏发电设备公司签好协议，确定好设备费用、安装费用和后期的保险费用和维护费用。一般需要购买光伏板、支架、逆变器、缆线和电表箱。安装时可以根据安装面积的大小，来决定要买几块光伏板，大概需要3~5天就能将光伏板安装完成，最后，供电公司的工作人员上门安装上电表箱，就能正式使用了。根据每个设备的价格，和光伏板的数量不同，一般只需要3~10万元就能完成安装。
       安装完成后多久能有收益？
        假设个体安装一个10kw的设备，价格大概是3.5元/w，投资成本大约就是35000元。如果这个房屋的屋顶占地面积为90㎡，每年发电1.2万度，按照全额上网的价格是0.48元/度，每年仅卖电给电网的收益约有近5700元左右。一套合格的设备大概能用10年~20年，如果只能用10年，加上设备衰减，大概可以获益50000元左右。3.5万的投资大约需要7年回收成本，剩余3年盈利。盈利几年要看设备的使用寿命是多少，虽说设备好成本会更高，但是发电量会更高，盈利的时间会更长，平均算下来，一套设备大概在6~7年内能回本。在建设扶贫项目时，很多光伏设备都是以村站为单位的，总体的收益也比较可观。辽宁省朝阳市朝阳县在几年前将光伏发电作为了重点的新能源产业项目，因为这里光照资源丰富，低山多，丘陵多，日照时间长，年均日照总时数为2861.7小时，年平均等效利用小时数1500小时以上，具备发展光伏发电产业的基本条件。截止2021年，朝阳县集中建设了10处光伏发电项目，共计917兆瓦，村级光伏电站共有156处17.7兆瓦，户用光伏电站达405户2.83兆瓦。加上风电项目，每年可以实现销售收入5亿元，年发电总量约20亿千瓦时以上，每年可以节约标煤量约80万吨，年增加财政税收亿元以上。
        怎样避免被骗？
       个体安装光伏之前，不能盲目地去找光伏设备公司，需要走申请、选择适合的安装公司、选择好的设备、做好后期的维护这几步。并不是把钱交给一个光伏设备公司就完事了。
首先你需要去区县或乡一级的电网营业厅填写并网申请书，需要携带身份证、户口本、房产证这几种证件；然后电网会派工作人员到家里勘察，确定各个设备安装的位置，为你出具一份并网接入方案；接着找一家可靠的品牌或厂家，可以要求对方提供产品合格证、出厂检测报告、产品认证、安装资格证等能够证明资质和正规性的文件，再选择购买他们家的设备。光伏公司为你安装完成后，就可以让电网来验收了。
这一套流程有些复杂，但毕竟是一次投入，“躺赚”收益的项目，不会很容易。光伏这个项目，有的人说收益可观，有人说是新型骗局。大家赚钱都不容易，谁也不想辛苦钱打水漂，如果想要做光伏投资，还是需要多研究，多对比。

With the country to promote the "double carbon", a lot of people pay attention to photovoltaic power generation, solar photovoltaic power generation investment is reliable?   You can make money from solar power by installing a few photovoltaic panels, or at least generate your own electricity.   Is this kind of photovoltaic project really viable?  If it's so good, why are there so few installations in town?  

What exactly is photovoltaic power?  Photovoltaic power generation is one form of solar power generation.  We can divide solar power generation into thermal power generation and light power generation.  

Thermal power generation is the conversion of solar energy into heat and then heat into electricity.  Such as semiconductor or metal material temperature difference power generation, light power is directly converted into electricity.  The forms of photoelectricity generation include photovoltaic power generation, photochemical power generation, photoinductive power generation and photobiological power generation.  At present, photovoltaic power generation is practical and widely used.  Photovoltaic power generation is short for solar photovoltaic power generation system. We often see photovoltaic panels, which can absorb all the energy from the sun, and then directly convert the absorbed light energy into electricity through photovoltaic modules and inverters.  

Can pv really make money?  Where does the revenue come from?  The income of photovoltaic power generation consists of three parts: the income of photovoltaic power generation saving electricity;  Photovoltaic subsidy income;   Revenue from photovoltaic power generation sales.  Photovoltaic power saves electricity.  That is, after their own equipment power generation for their own use, the direct current generated by solar photovoltaic panels through the inverter into ac power for their own appliances to use.  One possible problem with this model is that you can only use home-generated electricity during the day and use electricity from the national grid at night.  But there are also surplus storage models, which store excess electricity in a storage battery during the day for use at night.  

Photovoltaic subsidy revenue.  It's the money the state gives you as a subsidy.  In the past, in order to vigorously support photovoltaic installation projects, household photovoltaic power stations could enjoy a subsidy of 3 cents per kilowatt hour, based on the total output of the subsidy.  But the National Development and Reform Commission decided to end the subsidy from 2022, and 2021 will be the last year.  However, in addition to the state subsidies, some localities also have additional subsidies, and the local subsidy policies and national policies do not conflict.  

Revenue from photovoltaic power generation sales.  If their surplus energy storage surplus, or just want to invest in photovoltaic to make money, you can use the mode of surplus electricity to access the Internet.  Upload the rest, or all of it, to the national Grid, which will pay you based on the local benchmark rate for coal-fired power.  Is photovoltaic making money a scam?  Why isn't anyone in town wearing one?  Many rural friends with half of their life savings or demolition money, excitedly find a photovoltaic equipment company, to install photovoltaic equipment at home, waiting to make money, but the equipment is always broken, will be replaced once a year or two.  Some people even have no start-up capital, but were cheated by some irregular companies, loans to buy photovoltaic equipment, but in the end, the unscrupulous company deserted, not only did not install equipment, he also carried a loan of tens of thousands of yuan.  

Does this mean that the residential photovoltaic plant project is a total sham?  

First of all, photovoltaic power generation is a key project of poverty alleviation and poverty reduction projects in China, which is one of the important means of targeted poverty alleviation. It can not only help people get rid of poverty, but also effectively promote the sustainable development of the national economy.   Originally a poverty alleviation project, the cost was borne by the state and the company. After the success of poverty alleviation, the photovoltaic power plant gradually developed into an investment project benefiting the people.  Simply put, photovoltaic power plants installed by ordinary people through formal channels are a real good project.  However, any benefit to the people project will have speculative companies to exploit loopholes, the use of a variety of marketing methods, boast about the benefits of photovoltaic power generation, only to the people draw cake, but do not speak of the risks.  Many money-hungry people fall into the trap of buying inferior equipment or even being cheated out of their money.  

Why don't city people fake it when they can make money?  

House in the city high-rise buildings, mostly to the photovoltaic panels can only be installed on the roof, but the roof of the property right is not all belong to the top floor of the residents, if the top floor of the building photovoltaic power station residents want to, to go through all of the owners, property management companies and urban management unit, but in general this is impossible but the countryside house property rights without controversy over the roof,   You can control how to use, free disassembly equipment.  Moreover, rural houses are generally shorter, rarely more than five stories, which are not easily sheltered and can fully absorb sunlight to generate electricity, so as to maximize power generation.  Photovoltaic panels have been installed in a village.  Moreover, national large-scale photovoltaic power plants are also built in remote mountainous areas rich in sunlight, so the installation of photovoltaic is a matter of local conditions, which can be enjoyed in rural areas, but can not be installed in cities.  

I want to install pv, how do I install it, and how long will it take to pay for it?  If it is a personal investment, the first thing to do is to sign a good agreement with a reliable photovoltaic power generation equipment company to determine the cost of equipment, installation costs and later insurance costs and maintenance costs.   It is generally necessary to purchase photovoltaic panels, brackets, inverters, cables and meter boxes.  When installing, you can decide to buy several photovoltaic panels according to the size of the installation area. It takes about 3 to 5 days to complete the installation of photovoltaic panels. Finally, the staff of the power supply company come to install the meter box, and it can be formally used.   Depending on the price of each equipment, and the number of photovoltaic panels, generally only need 30,000 to 100,000 yuan to complete the installation.  

How long will it take to pay for the installation?  

If an individual installs a 10KW device, the price is about 3.5 yuan/W, and the investment cost is about 35,000 yuan.  If the roof of this house covers an area of 90 square meters and generates 12,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity per year, the price of full Internet access is 0.48 yuan/kilowatt-hour, and the annual income from electricity sold to the power grid is about 5,700 yuan.  A set of qualified equipment can probably be used for 10 ~20 years, if only 10 years, plus equipment attenuation, probably can benefit about 50000 yuan.  It takes about 7 years to recover the cost of an investment of 35,000 yuan and the remaining 3 years to make a profit.  Profit depends on the service life of the equipment for several years. Although the cost of good equipment will be higher, the power generation will be higher and the profit time will be longer. On average, a set of equipment can recoup capital in about 6~7 years.  In the construction of poverty alleviation projects, many photovoltaic equipment are based on village stations, and the overall income is considerable.   Chaoyang chaoyang county, liaoning province in a few years ago the photovoltaic power generation as the key project of new energy industry, because it is abundant light resources, low mountains, hills, sunshine time is long, the annual average sunshine hours for 2861.7 hours, annual average equivalent hours with more than 1500 hours, are the basic conditions of the development of photovoltaic industry.  By 2021, Chaoyang County has concentrated the construction of 10 photovoltaic power generation projects, a total of 917 MW, 156 village-level photovoltaic power stations of 17.7 MW, household photovoltaic power stations of 405 2.83 MW.   With the addition of the wind power project, the annual sales revenue can reach 500 million yuan, the annual total power generation is more than 2 billion KWH, and the annual standard coal quantity can be saved about 800,000 tons, and the annual tax revenue can be increased more than 100 million yuan.  

How to avoid being cheated?  

Before individual installation of photovoltaic, can not blindly go to the photovoltaic equipment company, need to go to apply for, choose the right installation company, choose good equipment, do a good job in the later maintenance of these steps.   It's not just handing over money to a photovoltaic equipment company.  

First of all, you need to go to the county or township level of the power grid business hall to fill in the grid application, need to carry id card, household registration, real estate certificate these documents;   The grid will then send someone to your home to determine where the equipment will be installed and provide you with a plan for connecting to the grid.  Then find a reliable brand or manufacturer, can ask the other party to provide product certificate, factory test report, product certification, installation qualification certificate and other documents to prove the qualification and regularity, and then choose to buy their equipment.   Photovoltaic companies for your installation, you can let the grid to accept.  

This process is a little complicated, but after all, it is an investment, "lying to earn" income project, not very easy.  Photovoltaic is a project that some say is lucrative, others say is a new scam.  Everyone is not easy to make money, no one wants to lose money hard, if you want to do photovoltaic investment, or need more research, more comparison.