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热门关键词： 光伏太阳能板天窗 防水光伏太阳能电池板 U玻璃光伏太阳能电池板
储能系统的类型
根据不同的应用场合，太阳能光伏储能发电系统分为离网发电系统、并离网储能系统、并网储能系统和多种能源混合微网系统等四种。
光伏离网发电系统，不依赖电网而独立运行，应用于偏僻山区、无电区、海岛、通讯基站和路灯等应用场所。系统由光伏方阵、太阳能控制器、逆变器、蓄电池组、负载等构成。光伏方阵在有光照的情况下将太阳能转换为电能，通过太阳能控制逆变一体机给负载供电，同时给蓄电池组充电；在无光照时，由蓄电池通过逆变器给交流负载供电。
图1、离网发电系统示意图
光伏离网发电系统是专门针对无电网地区或经常停电地区场所使用的，是刚性需求，离网系统不依赖于电网，靠的是“边储边用”或者“先储后用”的工作模式，干的是“雪中送炭”的事情。对于无电网地区或经常停电地区家庭来说，离网系统具有很强的实用性，目前光伏离网度电成本约1.0-1.5元，相比并网系统要高很多，但相比燃油发电机的度电成本1.5-2.0元，更经济环保。
并离网型光伏发电系统广泛应用于经常停电，或者光伏自发自用不能余量上网、自用电价比上网电价贵很多、波峰电价比波谷电价贵很多等应用场所。
图2、并离网发电系统示意图
系统由太阳电池组件组成的光伏方阵、太阳能并离网一体机、蓄电池组、负载等构成。光伏方阵在有光照的情况下将太阳能转换为电能，通过太阳能控制逆变一体机给负载供电，同时给蓄电池组充电；在无光照时，由蓄电池给太阳能控制逆变一体机供电，再给交流负载供电。
相对于并网发电系统，并离网系统增加了充放电控制器和蓄电池，系统成本增加了30%左右，但是应用范围更宽。一是可以设定在电价峰值时以额定功率输出，减少电费开支；二是可以电价谷段充电，峰段放电，利用峰谷差价赚钱；三是当电网停电时，光伏系统做为备用电源继续工作，逆变器可以切换为离网工作模式，光伏和蓄电池可以通过逆变器给负载供电。
并网储能光伏发电系统，能够存储多余的发电量，提高自发自用比例，应用于光伏自发自用不能余量上网、自用电价比上网电价价格贵很多、波峰电价比波平电价贵很多等应用场所。系统由太阳电池组件组成的光伏方阵、太阳能控制器、电池组、并网逆变器、电流检测装置、负载等构成。当太阳能功率小于负载功率时，系统由太阳能和电网一起供电，当太阳能功率大于负载功率时，太阳能一部分给负载供电，一部分通过控制器储存起来。
图3、 并网储能系统示意图
在一些国家和地区，之前装了一套光伏系统，后取消了光伏补贴，就可以安装一套并网储能系统，让光伏发电完全自发自用。并网储能机可以兼容各个厂家的逆变器，原来的系统可以不做任何改动。当电流传感器检测到有电流流向电网时，并网储能机开始工作，把多余的电能储存到蓄电池中，如果蓄电池也充满了，还可以打开电热水器。晚上家庭负载增加时，可以控制蓄电池通过逆变器向负载送电。
微网系统由太阳能电池方阵、并网逆变器、PCS双向变流器、智能切换开关、蓄电池组、发电机、负载等构成。光伏方阵在有光照的情况下将太阳能转换为电能，通过逆变器给负载供电，同时通过PCS双向变流器给蓄电池组充电；在无光照时，由蓄电池通过PCS双向变流器给负载供电。
微电网可充分有效地发挥分布式清洁能源潜力，减少容量小、发电功率不稳定、独立供电可靠性低等不利因素，确保电网安全运行，是大电网的有益补充。微电网可以促进传统产业的升级换代，从经济环保的角度可以发挥巨大作用。专家表示，微电网应用灵活，规模可以从数千瓦直至几十兆瓦，大到厂矿企业、医院学校，小到一座建筑都可以发展微电网。
Type of energy storage system
According to different application occasions, solar photovoltaic energy storage power generation system can be divided into off-grid power generation system, off-grid energy storage system, grid-connected energy storage system and a variety of energy hybrid micro-grid system.
01
Photovoltaic off-grid power generation system
Photovoltaic off-grid power generation system, independent of power grid operation, applied in remote mountainous areas, no power areas, islands, communication base stations and street lights and other application places. The system consists of photovoltaic array, solar controller, inverter, battery pack, load and so on. The photovoltaic square array converts solar energy into electricity under the condition of illumination, and supplies power to the load through the solar controlled inverter and charges the battery group at the same time. In the absence of light, the battery supplies power to the AC load through an inverter.
The picture
FIG. 1 schematic diagram of off-grid power generation system
Photovoltaic off-grid power generation system is specially designed for use in areas without power grid or areas with frequent power outages. It is a rigid demand. Off-grid system does not depend on the power grid, relying on the working mode of "storage while using" or "storage before using". For households in areas without power grid or areas with frequent power outages, the off-grid system has strong practicability. At present, the off-grid electricity cost of photovoltaic is about 1.0-1.5 yuan per kilowatt hour, much higher than that of the grid-connected system, but compared with the oil-fired generator, the electricity cost is 1.5-2.0 yuan per kilowatt hour, which is more economic and environmental friendly.
02
And off-grid energy storage system
And off-grid photovoltaic power generation system is widely used in frequent power outage, or photovoltaic spontaneous self-use can not spare the Internet, self-use electricity price is much more expensive than the grid price, the peak price is much more expensive than the trough price and other application places.
The picture
FIG. 2 schematic diagram of parallel off-grid power generation system
The system is composed of photovoltaic array composed of solar cell modules, solar energy and off-grid integrated machine, battery pack, load, etc. The photovoltaic square array converts solar energy into electricity under the condition of illumination, and supplies power to the load through the solar controlled inverter and charges the battery group at the same time. When there is no light, the battery supplies power to the solar controlled inverter and then to the AC load.
Relative to the grid-connected power generation system, and off-grid system increases the charge and discharge controller and battery, the system cost increases by about 30%, but the application range is wider. First, it can be set at the peak of the electricity price to the rated power output, reduce the cost of electricity; Second, the price of electricity valley charge, peak discharge, the use of peak valley difference to make money; Third, when the power grid fails, the photovoltaic system continues to work as a backup power supply, and the inverter can switch to off-grid working mode. Photovoltaic and battery can supply power to the load through the inverter.
03
Photovoltaic grid-connected energy storage system
Grid-connected energy storage photovoltaic power generation system, can store excess power generation, improve the ratio of spontaneous self-use, applied to photovoltaic spontaneous self-use can not spare the Internet, self-use electricity price is much more expensive than the price of the grid, wave electricity price is much more expensive than wave flat electricity price and other applications. The system is composed of photovoltaic array, solar controller, battery pack, grid-connected inverter, current detection device, load and so on. When the solar power is less than the load power, the system is powered by solar energy and the grid together. When the solar power is greater than the load power, part of the solar energy supplies power to the load, and part of the controller is stored.
The picture
FIG. 3 Schematic diagram of grid-connected energy storage system
In some countries and regions, a set of photovoltaic system installed before the removal of photovoltaic subsidies, can be installed a set of grid-connected energy storage system, photovoltaic power generation is completely self-sustaining. Grid-connected energy storage machine can be compatible with the inverter of various manufacturers, the original system can not do any change. When the current sensor detects a flow of electricity to the grid, the grid-connected accumulator kicks in, storing excess energy into a battery, and turning on the electric water heater if the battery is also full. When the home load increases at night, the battery can be controlled through the inverter to send electricity to the load.
04
Microgrid energy storage system
The microgrid system consists of solar cell array, grid-connected inverter, PCS two-way converter, intelligent switch, battery pack, generator, load, etc. Photovoltaic array converts solar energy into electric energy under the condition of illumination, supplies power to the load through the inverter, and charges the battery pack through PCS two-way converter. In the absence of light, the battery supplies power to the load through PCS two-way converters.
Microgrid can give full and effective play to the potential of distributed clean energy, reduce adverse factors such as small capacity, unstable power generation and low reliability of independent power supply, ensure the safe operation of power grid, and is a beneficial supplement to large power grid. Microgrid can promote the upgrading of traditional industries and play a huge role from the perspective of economic and environmental protection. Experts say that the application of microgrid is flexible, and the scale can range from several kilowatts to dozens of megawatts. It can be developed in factories, mines, hospitals, schools and even a building.
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