热门关键词: 光伏太阳能板天窗 防水光伏太阳能电池板 U玻璃光伏太阳能电池板
一 、光伏发电产业政策及市场空间
(一)光伏新增装机规模规划
(1)保障性并网规模 :2021年各省(区、市)完成年度非水电最低消纳责任权重所必需的新增并网项目,由电网企业实行保障性并网,2021年保障性并网规模不低于9000万千瓦。保障性并网规模可省际置换,通过跨省区电力交易落实非水电消纳责任权重的,经送、受省份协商并会同电网企业签订长期协议后,根据输送(交易)新能源电量相应调减受端省保障性并网规模并调增至送端省。保障性并网项目由各省级能源主管部门通过竞争性配置统一组织。
(2)自主落实消纳条件并网规模 :对于保障性并网范围以外仍有意愿并网的项目,可通过自建、合建共享或购买服务等市场化方式落实并网条件后,由电网企业予以并网。并网条件主要包括配套新增的抽水蓄能、储热型光热发电、火电调峰、新型储能、可调节负荷等灵活调节能力。
(3)各地非水可再生能源电力消纳责任权重参照《国家发展改革委 国家能源局关于2021年可再生能源电力消纳责任权重及有关事项的通知》(发改能源〔2021〕704号),相关规定执行,具体目标如表1所示。
表1 2021 年各省(区、市)光伏、风电消纳责任权重
(二)中央财政补贴政策架构
2020年1月,财政部、发展改革委、国家能源局印发了《关于促进非水可再生能源发电健康发展的若干意见》(财建〔2020〕4号)。 该文件明确了2020年及以前核准(备案)的存量享受国家补贴政策的光伏发电和风力发电项目全生命周期合理利用小时数、补贴电量和补贴标准。
(1)按合理利用小时数核定可再生能源发电项目中央财政补贴资金额度。
(2)项目全生命周期补贴电量=项目容量×项目全生命周期合理利用小时数。
(3)按照《可再生能源电价附加补助资金管理办法》(财建〔2020〕5号)规定纳入可再生能源发电补贴清单范围的项目,全生命周期补贴电量内所发电量,按照上网电价给予补贴。在未超过项目全生命周期合理利用小时数时,按可再生能源发电项目当年实际发电量给予补贴。纳入可再生能源发电补贴清单范围的项目,所发电量超过全生命周期补贴电量部分,不再享受中央财政补贴资金,核发绿证准许参与绿证交易。
2021年,仅剩户用光伏项目享受中央财政补贴政策。 具体补贴标准参照《国家能源局关于2021年风电、光伏发电开发建设有关事项的通知》(国能发新能〔2021〕25号)执行,即021年户用光伏发电项目国家财政补贴预算额度为5亿元,度电补贴额度按照国务院价格主管部门发布的2021年相关政策执行,项目管理和申报程序按照《国家能源局关于2019年风电、光伏发电项目建设有关事项的通知》(国能发新能〔2019〕49号)有关要求执行。在确保安全前提下,鼓励有条件的户用光伏项目配备储能。户用光伏发电项目由电网企业保障并网消纳。
(三)平价上网电价政策
(四)全球光伏装机需求有望持续增长
图1 2021-2022年全球单季度装机需求预测(单位:GW)
二 、光伏设备制造产业链组成情况
光伏设备制造产业链包括光伏组件制造以及光伏电站配套设备制造行业。其中,光伏组件制造是光伏设备制造的核心,包括从硅料开采,至加工成为单晶光伏组件或多晶光伏组件的全部产业链环节(图2);光伏电站配套设备制造由汇流箱、逆变器、变压器、支架、开关柜、电缆制造等环节构成,其中逆变器成本占比较高(图3)。
图2 光伏组件制造环节产业链示意
图3 光伏电站主要设备示意
三、光伏设备制造各产业链细分领域技术进展及竞争格局
(一)硅料制备环节
表2 全球主要硅料生产企业2020年产能及2021年预测产能(单位:万吨)
近期,硅料龙头企业不断推出硅料扩产计划,预计将进一步提升我国企业在硅料生产领域内的先进产能优势地位。
根据各上市公司公告不完全统计,新增产能计划如下:
通威/永祥云南保山4万吨产能和四川乐山3.5万吨产能分别计划于2021年10月底和2021年12月底投产;大全新能源新疆3.5万吨产能计划于2021年12月底投产;亚洲硅业青海3万吨产能计划于2022年6月底投产。
2020年以来,保利协鑫颗粒硅规划产能10万吨,其中2020年9月开工项目5.4万吨,计划分两期建设,于2021年6月年产能扩至3万吨,至2021年底年产能扩至5.4万吨。
根据中信证券测算,上述产能投产后,将提升我国多晶硅料供给量至71万吨左右,大约对应260GW光伏组件产能。
(二)硅片制造环节
图4 主流硅片尺寸演化
据中国光伏行业协会数据,我国硅片主要以156.75mm和158.75mm硅片为主,2019年156.75mm硅片市场占有率为61%,其次为158.75mm,市场占有率为32%,大硅片已成发展趋势。
2020年以来,行业内针对大尺寸硅片的发展,形成了两大尺寸182mm(M10)和210mm(G12)阵营。目前主推生产182mm硅片标准的厂商主要包括隆基、晶科、晶澳、阿特斯等,而主推210mm硅片标准的厂商主要包括中环、上机数控、天合光能、通威、阿特斯等。
图5 不同尺寸硅片市场占比变化趋势预测
表3 全球主要硅片生产企业2020年产能及2021年预测产能(单位:GW)
(三)电池片制造环节
图6 PERC、N-TOPCon和HIT电池结构对比
表4 当前及未来主流电池片工艺对比
图7 PERC、N-TOPCon和HIT电池当前及未来市占率预测
表5 全球主要电池片生产企业2020年产能(单位:GW)
(四)组件制造环节
图8 光伏组件封装示意
半 片、MBB、叠片、叠瓦等技术提升功率效果明显。 当前,组件封装技术不断迭代创新,半片、MBB、叠片、叠瓦等技术的应用可有效提升组件功率。从当前发展趋势来看,半片+MBB+叠片是相对而言性价比较优的技术路线,而叠瓦未来发展前景向好。根据中国光伏行业协会数据,2019年组件封装技术仍以全片为主,市场占比约77.1%。半片市场份额有望逐渐扩大,预计2021年渗透率超过50%。
双面组件迎来性价比质变。 双面组件将组件背板改为透明材料(玻璃或透明背板)封装,在成本增量有限的情况下可使背板吸光发电,视光伏电站条件可使组件发电量提升5%-30%不等。
表6 全球主要组件生产企业2020年出货量(单位:GW)
光伏玻璃构成光伏组件最外层结构,起到保护电池片和透光的作用,保护机械强度较差的电池片破裂和易氧化生锈的电极,保证较高的透光率。光伏玻璃可以分为盖板(面板)和背板(对应双面组件),是光伏组件最外层结构。
光伏玻璃作为重资产行业,存在规模效应,行业先入者凭借先发优势,市占率不断提升。当前,我国光伏玻璃行业呈现为双寡头格局,信义光能是光伏玻璃行业第一大公司,2020年公司产能9800t/d,市占率达到33%;行业第二大公司为福莱特,产能达到6290t/d,市占率21%。
图9 2020年光伏玻璃行业市场份额
4. 胶膜生产福斯特一家独大
目前双玻组件用的封装胶膜主要包括EVA胶膜和POE胶膜。在光伏组件中,胶膜放在组件钢化玻璃或背板与太阳能电池之间,用于封装并保护电池片。
EVA胶膜是一种乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物,具有熔点低,流动性好,透明度高,层压工艺成熟等优点,是目前双玻组件主要的封装材料。但是由于EVA胶膜强度低,水蒸汽透过率和吸水率较大,耐候性较差,用于双玻组件上需要进行封边,然而在正常使用过程中也仍然会有水汽透过,导致胶膜雾化,影响透光率,降低组件的发电量。
而POE是一种乙烯-辛稀共聚物,是以茂金属作催化剂开发的具有窄相对分子质量分布和窄共聚单体分布、结构可控的新型聚烯烃热塑性弹性体。相对于EVA胶膜,POE胶膜最大的优势就是低水汽透过率和高体积电阻率,保证了组件在高温高湿环境下运行的安全性及长久的耐老化性,使组件能够长效使用。但当前POE胶膜成本相对EVA胶膜更高。
从全球光伏胶膜市场份额来看,福斯特以市场份额57%处于寡头地位,斯威克、海优新材市场份额分别为13%与10%,其他企业市场份额占比20%。
图10 2019年全球光伏胶膜市场竞争格局
(五)逆变器制造环节
光伏逆变器是光伏发电系统主要部件之一,连接光伏方阵和电网,是确保光伏电站长期可靠运行和提升项目投资回报的关键。与其他环节不同,逆变器制造是典型的轻资产环节。从类型上,可分为组串式光伏逆变器、集中式光伏逆变器、户用光伏逆变器等。
组串式光伏逆变器功率密度高,安装维护简单,可满足户内、户外等不同的应用环境要求,广泛应用于停车场、商业屋顶、农场等中小型光伏发电系统,也可应用于地形复杂的大型地面电站。
集中式光伏逆变器产品转换效率高,电网友好性强,安全可靠,经济性好,能适应高寒、低温、高海拔等多种环境,广泛应用于荒漠、高原、商业屋顶等大、中型光伏发电系统。
户用光伏逆变器具有高功率密度特点,安装维护简单,可自动适应复杂电网环境,延长发电时间,有效提升发电收益,同时内置防雷及高精度漏电流保护,具备储能接口和多种通讯方式,满足户内、户外等不同的应用环境要求,广泛应用于住宅屋顶、庭院等户用光伏发电系统。
图11 2020年全球光伏逆变器市场竞争格局
(一)硅料短期产能不足,其余环节存在产能过剩风险
当前,光伏设备制造产业链各环节因历史产能因素、扩产计划与扩产周期、技术进步等情况不尽相同,导致市场供需水平存在较大差异。
根据相关预测,在近两年各家头部厂商大量扩产计划的背景下,2021年底,国内硅料产能供应量47-48万吨,叠加部分进口供应量,全年硅料供应量大约可满足对应180GW组件下游生产需求。而根据现有主流设备厂商新建产能投资情况,至2021年底预计我国单晶硅片、电池片、组件产能分别有望达373GW、366GW和377GW,远远超过2021年乐观估计的180GW全球总装机需求。因此,当下硅片、电池片和组件在老旧产能与新产能共存的状况,供过于求的现象将越发严峻,小尺寸产能面临淘汰危机。
图12 2021年末预计Top5全产业链厂商产能分布情况(GW)
光伏玻璃产能方面,2020年光伏玻璃供需格局紧张,在高价、高盈利能力的背景下,各家光伏玻璃企业均放出产能扩张计划,近期龙头企业新产能已开始释放。2021-2022年,我国规划新增光伏玻璃产能460万吨左右,到2022年底我国光伏玻璃产能将达到1200万吨左右,可满足约240-250GW光伏组件的需求。
胶膜方面,2020年光伏胶膜龙头福斯特实施2亿平方米POE产能、2.5亿平方米白色EVA产能技改等项目,并开始投建滁州年产5亿平方米光伏胶膜产能,预计2021年内整体投放3-4亿平米产能。海优新材、赛伍技术、斯威克等企业的产能扩张计划亦在推进,产能扩张总额超过11亿平米,对应组件供给超过110GW。
(二)硅料价格暴涨抬升全产业链价格
进入2021年后,在硅片环节产能逐步释放、进口硅料主动提价、且硅料供应增量不及需求增量的预期等因素支撑下,硅料价格开始新一轮上涨,根据PV InfoLink数据,近期致密料价格已上涨至200元/kg(含税),相对于年初涨幅超过135%,下游制造产业链单W成本对应上升约0.3元/W。
随着硅料价格的上涨,硅片环节由于与硅料环节直接相邻,且有硅料采购长单等因素的影响,对价格压力的传导相对主动,2021年至今各主流尺寸硅片价格涨幅约40%。电池片环节由于供需格局相对不佳,对价格压力的传导相对被动,但近期亦出现明显涨价,M6尺寸电池片相对于年初价格上浮约15%。
(三)产业链中下游盈利能力承压
在2020年年中,光伏设备制造产业链各环节成本和毛利情况如图13所示。从盈利方面来看,硅料环节毛利率维持在适中水平,电池片、组件制造等环节毛利率较低,其中组件制造维持微利;硅片制造环节相对而言毛利率水平较高,是价值链的优势环节。
图13 硅料-组件制造各环节成本构成和毛利情况(2020年6月)
2021年5月,随着上游硅料环节价格暴涨,各环节毛利率水平发生较大变化(图14)。目前,产业链全部环节产成品价格出现上涨,但各产品调价幅度不同,下游接受涨价能力存在差异,导致价值链在不同环节进行了重新分配。目前,硅料制造环节毛利率水平远远领先产业链其他环节;硅片制造环节受一定技术、规模垄断等优势影响议价能力相对较强,通过涨价维持住了相对合理的毛利率水平;电池片、组件制造环节因竞争激烈,下游成本传导通路不畅等问题导致毛利率水平较低,部分厂商出现亏损。
图14 硅料-组件制造各环节成本构成和毛利情况(2021年5月)
1. Inqubomgomo Yezimboni kanye Nesikhala Semakethe Sokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi kwe-Photovoltaic
Kusukela nge-New Deal engu-531 ngonyaka we-2018, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kwezwe lami sekungene ngokuphelele esigabeni sobunye kwi-grid. Njengamanje,
ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi amanye amaphrojekthi ajabulela inqubomgomo yoxhaso esitokweni awakaxhunyaniswa negridi, amaphrojekthi amasha we-photovoltaic (ngaphandle kwe-household photovoltaics) ngo-2021 asebenzise ngokugcwele inqubomgomo yokulingana kugridi.
(1) Ukuhlelwa kwamandla asanda kufakwa we-photovoltaic
NgoMeyi 2021, i-National Energy Administration yakhipha "Isaziso Sokuphathwa Kwamandla Kazwelonke Kwezindaba Ngokuphathelene Nentuthuko kanye Nokwakhiwa Kwamandla kagesi kanye ne-Photovoltaic
Power Generation ngonyaka ka-2021" (Guoneng Fa Xinneng [2021] No. 25). Okucacile:
(1) Isikali sokuxhuma igridi esiqinisekisiwe: Ngo-2021, zonke izifundazwe (izifunda ezizimele kanye nomasipala) zizoqedela amaphrojekthi asanda kufakwa axhunywe ngegridi
adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe isisindo sonyaka sokusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi okungewona ugesi. Izinkampani zegridi zizosebenzisa ukuxhumana okuqinisekisiwe , futhi ngo-2021, kuzosetshenziswa ukuxhumana okuqinisekisiwe kwegridi Isikali asikho ngaphansi
kwama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-90. Isilinganiso sokuxhuma kwegridi okuqinisekisiwe singashintshwa ezifundazweni zonke.Uma isisindo somthwalo wokusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi senziwa ngokusebenzisa ukuthengiselana kwamandla ezifundazwe, ngemuva kokuthumela,
ukuthola ukubonisana kwezifundazwe nokusayina izivumelwano zesikhathi eside nezinkampani zegridi, lungisa ngokufanele ukudluliswa (ukuthengiselana) kwamandla amasha wamandla. Nciphisa isikali sokuxhuma okuqinisekisiwe kwegridi esifundazweni sokuthola
imali bese usikhuphula siye esifundazweni sokuthumela. Amaphrojekthi axhumene negridi aqinisekisiwe ahlelwe ngokufanayo yiziphathimandla zamandla ezingeni lesifundazwe ngokwabiwa ngokuncintisana.
(2) Ngokusebenzisa ngokuzimela imibandela yokusetshenziswa
kanye nesikali soxhumano lwegridi: Kumaphrojekthi asazimisele ukuxhuma kugridi engaphandle kwebanga lokuxhuma legridi eliqinisekisiwe, imibandela yokuxhunywa kwegridi ingenziwa yiGridi Enterprises exhunywe kugridi. Izimo zokuxhunywa kwegridi ikakhulu
zifaka phakathi isitoreji esimponjiwe esisha, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okushisa okushisayo okuphehla amandla kagesi ashisayo, ukushefa kwamandla kagesi ashisayo, isitoreji samandla esisha, umthwalo ongaguquguqukayo namanye amandla wokulungisa aguquguqukayo.
(3) Bheka ku- "Isaziso seKhomishini Yezentuthuko Kazwelonke Neziguquko kanye Nokuphathwa Kwezamandla Kazwelonke Kwezinsimbi Zomthwalo Wokusetshenziswa Kwamandla Amandla Avuselelekayo kanye Nezindaba Ezihlobene ngonyaka wezi-2021" ngezisindo zokusetshenziswa
kwamandla kagesi angavuseleleki ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene ( I-Fagai Energy [2021] No. 704), imithethonqubo efanele iyasetshenziswa, futhi izinhloso ezithile zikhonjisiwe kuThebula 1.
Ithebula 1 Izisindo ezibhekele ukusetshenziswa kwe-photovoltaic
namandla omoya esifundazweni ngasinye (isifunda, idolobha) ngo-2021
(2) Uhlaka lwenqubomgomo emaphakathi yoxhaso lwezimali
1. Izindinganiso zenqubomgomo yoxhaso lwamaphrojekthi wesitoko ngo-2020 nangaphambili
NgoJanuwari 2020, uMnyango
Wezezimali, iNational Development and Reform Commission, kanye ne-National Energy Administration bakhiphe "Imibono Eminingana Ekukhuthazeni Ukuthuthukiswa Okunempilo Kokukhiqizwa Kwamandla Amandla Angavuseleleki" (Caijian [2020] No. 4). Lo mbhalo ucacisa
amahora wokusetshenziswa okunengqondo, amandla oxhaso kanye namazinga oxhaso kumjikelezo wempilo ogcwele wamaphrojekthi wokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kanye namaphrojekthi wokukhiqiza amandla komoya avunyelwe (aqoshwa) ngonyaka wezi-2020 nangaphambi kwalokho
ajabulela inqubomgomo kazwelonke yoxhaso.
(1) Inani lemali yesibonelelo sikahulumeni emaphakathi yamaphrojekthi wokukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo lizovunywa ngokwamahora asetshenziswayo afanele.
(2) Ugesi oxhasiwe phakathi nawo wonke
umjikelezo wempilo yephrojekthi = umthamo wephrojekthi × inani lamahora afanelekile okusetshenziswa phakathi nawo wonke umjikelezo wempilo wephrojekthi.
(3) Ngokuya "Ngezindlela Zokulawula Zezimali Zikagesi Ozivuselelekayo Izimali Zesibonelelo
Sikaxhaso" (i-Caijian [2020] No. 5), izinto ezifakwe kububanzi bohlu loxhaso lokuvuselelwa kwamandla kagesi ovuselelekayo, ugesi owenziwe phakathi nakho konke umjikelezo wempilo kagesi oxhaswayo uzonikezwa ngokuya ngoxhaso lwentengo kagesi kwi-grid. Lapho
isibalo samahora wokusebenzisa afanele emjikelezweni wonke wokuphila wephrojekthi singadlulwa, imixhaso izonikezwa ngokuya ngamandla wangempela wokukhiqizwa kwamandla wephrojekthi yokuvuselelwa kwamandla kagesi ngonyaka. Amaphrojekthi afakiwe emkhakheni
wohlu loxhaso lokuvuselelwa kwamandla kagesi ovuselelekayo, ukukhiqizwa kwawo okungaphezu kwamandla esewonke okuxhaswa ngumjikelezo wempilo, akusekho ukujabulela izimali zoxhaso lwemali oluphakathi, futhi isitifiketi esiluhlaza sikhishwa ukuvumela ukubamba
iqhaza kokuthengiselana kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza.
2. Inqubomgomo yoxhaso lwamaphrojekthi amasha ngo-2021
Ngo-2021, ngamaphrojekthi we-photovoltaic asemakhaya kuphela azothokozela inqubomgomo emaphakathi yoxhaso lwezimali. Amazinga akhethekile
oxhaso abhekise ku- "Isaziso Sokulawulwa Kwezamandla Kazwelonke ku-Wind Power kanye ne-Photovoltaic Power Development and Construction ngo-2021" (Guoneng Fa Xinneng [2021] No. 25), okusho ukuthi, isabelomali sikazwelonke sezimali zoxhaso samandla we-photovoltaic
power amaphrojekthi wokukhiqiza ngo-021 angama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-500, inani loxhaso lukagesi luzosetshenziswa ngokuya ngezinqubomgomo ezifanele ezikhishwe yisiphathimandla samanani soMkhandlu Wombuso ngo-2021, futhi ukuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi nezinqubo
zokufaka izicelo zizohambisana "Nesaziso we-National Energy Administration on Matters Related to Construction of Wind Power and Photovoltaic Power Generation Projects ngo-2019 "(Guoneng Faxin Can (2019) No. 49) izidingo ezifanele ziyasetshenziswa. Ngaphansi
kwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha, sikhuthaza amaphrojekthi we-photovoltaic asemakhaya afanelekile ukuba afakelwe isitoreji samandla. Amaphrojekthi wokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi asendlini aqinisekisiwe yizinkampani zegridi zokusetshenziswa okuxhunywe
ngegridi.
(3) Inqubomgomo yentela ye-grid
NgoJuni 2021, "Isaziso seKhomishini Kazwelonke Yezentuthuko Nokuguqulwa Kwezinto Ephathelene Nenqubomgomo Yentela Entsha Yokuhlinzeka Ngamandla ngo-2021" (Fagai Price [2021] No. 833), intela
yokuphakelwa kwamaphrojekthi amasha ngo-2021 ukuqaliswa kususelwa enanini lendawo lokulinganisa ugesi ophehlwa ngamalahle; Amaphrojekthi asanda kwakhiwa angabamba iqhaza ngokuzithandela emisebenzini egxile ezimakethe ukwenza amanani entengo okuphakelayo
ukukhombisa kangcono inani lamandla aluhlaza lokukhiqizwa kwamandla kwe-photovoltaic. Inani lentengo kagesi ku-grid yamaphrojekthi wamandla asebenza olwandle asanda kuvunywa (aqoshiwe) asethwe yisiphathimandla samanani esifundazwe sendawo, futhi abafanelekayo
bangakhiwa ngendlela yokuncintisana yokwabiwa. intengo ebhentshini yokukala ugesi ngamalahle, ingxenye engaphakathi kwentengo ebekiwe izokhokhwa yinkampani yegridi iSettlement. Inqubomgomo yentengo izosetshenziswa kusukela ngo-Agasti 1, 2021.
(4)
Isidingo somhlaba jikelele sokufakwa kwe-photovoltaic kulindeleke ukuthi siqhubeke sikhula
Ngokukhuphuka kwegagasi lomhlaba wonke lokuthuthukiswa kwekhabhoni ephansi, isidingo somhlaba jikelele sokufakwa kwe-photovoltaic sikhule ngokushesha.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isidingo selanga esifakiwe somhlaba wonke se-2021-2022 sizoba cishe yi-160GW ne-190GW, ngamazinga okukhula unyaka nonyaka cishe angama-21% no-19% ngokulandelana, lapho izidingo zasekhaya zizoba yi-60GW ne-75GW, ngokulandelana, nge
amazinga okukhula unyaka nonyaka angama-24% nama-25%.
Umdwebo 1 Isibikezelo sesilinganiso sekota esisodwa esifakiwe somhlaba wonke se-2021-2022 (iyunithi: GW)
2. Ukwakheka kochungechunge lwemboni yokukhiqiza imishini ye-photovoltaic
Uchungechunge lwemboni yokukhiqiza imishini ye-photovoltaic lubandakanya ukukhiqizwa kwemodyuli ye-photovoltaic nesiteshi samandla se-photovoltaic esisekela izimboni zokukhiqiza imishini. Phakathi kwazo, ukukhiqizwa kwemodyuli ye-photovoltaic
kungumongo wokukhiqizwa kwemishini ye-photovoltaic, kufaka phakathi lonke uchungechunge lwezimboni kusuka ezimayini ze-silicon ukucubungula amamojula we-monocrystalline photovoltaic noma amamojula we-polycrystalline photovoltaic (Umfanekiso 2); Kwenziwe
izixhumanisi, izindleko zazo zabaguquli ziphakeme kakhulu (Umdwebo 3).
Umdwebo 2 Umdwebo wesikimu wochungechunge lwezimboni lwezixhumanisi zokukhiqiza zemodyuli ye-photovoltaic
Umdwebo 3 Umdwebo wesikimu wemishini esemqoka yesiteshi
samandla se-photovoltaic
3. Inqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezwe lokuncintisana lezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zamaketanga ezimboni ekukhiqizeni imishini ye-photovoltaic
Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yentuthuko ehlukumezayo,
imboni yokukhiqiza imishini ye-photovoltaic yezwe lami seyibe ngumholi womhlaba wonke kwezokuncintisana, ngobuchwepheshe obusha buqhamuka ngokulandelana, futhi izinkampani eziningi ezihola umhlaba wonke ziye zazalwa ezigabeni ezinjengama-silicon wafers,
amaseli, amamojula, nama-inverters. Ngokuqondile:
(1) Isixhumanisi sokulungiselela impahla ye-silicon
1. Indlela ethuthukisiwe yakwa-Nokia iseyindlela ejwayelekile yobuchwepheshe yokulungiselela i-silicon
Njengamanje, inqubo yokukhiqiza
i-silicon evuthiwe kakhulu yabakhiqizi bezinto ezinkulu ze-polysilicon emhlabeni iyindlela ethuthukisiwe ye-Siemens, futhi abakhiqizi abakhulu njengeTongwei, GCL-Poly, iXinte Energy, neDaquan Xinjiang bonke basebenzisa indlela ye-Siemens eyenziwe ngcono
ukulungisa i-polysilicon.
Eminyakeni yakamuva, izinkampani ezimelwe yi-GCL-Poly ziye zaqhubekisa phambili inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwenani le-granular polysilicon (i-granular silicon) ekhiqizwa indlela ye-silane futhi yathuthuka ngempumelelo. Uma kuqhathaniswa
ne-columnar polysilicon elungiselelwe indlela ethuthukisiwe yakwa-Siemens, i-silicone eyimbumbulu inezinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza, ukusekelwa kokudla okuqhubekayo, futhi kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwezinduku ze-silicon.
Ngokwezibalo ezivela ku-China Photovoltaic Industry Association, i-silicon emise okwezindonga ekhiqizwe indlela ethuthukisiwe yakwa-Siemens izobala u-97.2% wokukhishwa okuphelele ezweni ngo-2020, futhi izohlala iyinqubo ejwayelekile yokukhiqizwa kwe-silicon
esikhathini esizayo. Kulindeleke ukuthi ngaphansi kwesimo sokukhiqiza okubushelelezi, umthamo wokukhiqiza we-granular silicon kulindeleke ukuthi weqe u-10% ngo-2030.
2. Inzuzo enkulu yokukhiqiza yasekhaya
Okwamanje, amabhizinisi amaShayina ahlala
endaweni ehamba phambili ngokuphelele emkhakheni wokukhiqiza impahla ye-silicon, ngesabelo semakethe esingaphezu kwama-90%. Phakathi kwabo, izinkampani ezihola phambili embonini efana neTongwei / Yongxiang, GCL-Poly, Xinjiang Daquan, Xinte Amandla kanye
namanye amabhizinisi ahamba phambili azokhiqiza izinto ze-silicon ngo-2020. Umthamo we-CR5 ungama-87.5%.
Ithebula 2 Umthamo wokukhiqiza wabakhiqizi abakhulu bezinto ze-silicon emhlabeni wonke ngonyaka we-2020 namandla abhekiwe okukhiqiza ngo-2021
(iyunithi: amathani ayi-10,000)
Muva nje, izinkampani ezihola phambili zezinto ze-silicon ziye zaqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo nezinhlelo zokunwetshwa kwempahla ye-silicon, okulindeleke ukuthi ithuthukise amandla wokukhiqiza osezingeni
eliphakeme lezinkampani zaseChina emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwempahla ye-silicon.
Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele ezishicilelwe yizinkampani ezisohlwini, uhlelo lwamakhono amasha lumi kanje:
I-Tongwei / Yongxiang Baoshan, amandla we-Yunnan
angamathani angama-40,000 kanye namandla ka-Sichuan Leshan angama-35,000-ton kuhlelwe ukuthi kwenziwe umkhiqizo ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba 2021 noDisemba 2021 ngokulandelana; Umthamo weDaquan Energy ongamathani angama-35,000 eXinjiang kuhlelwe ukuthi usebenze
ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2021; I-Asia Silicon Umthamo wokukhiqiza wamathani ayi-30,000 eQinghai kuhlelwe ukuthi uqaliswe ukusebenza ngoJuni 2022.
Kusukela ngo-2020, amandla wokukhiqiza ahleliwe we-GCL-Poly granular silicon angamathani ayi-100,000,
lapho amathani angama-54,000 azoqalwa ngoSepthemba 2020. Kuhlelwe ukuthi kwakhiwe ngezigaba ezimbili.Umthamo wokukhiqiza wonyaka uzokwandiswa ube ngamathani angama-30,000 ngoJuni 2021, futhi umthamo wokukhiqiza waminyaka yonke uzofinyelelwa ngasekupheleni
kuka-2021. Kunwetshelwe kumathani ayi-54,000.
Ngokuya ngezibalo ze-CITIC Securities, ngemuva kokufakwa komthamo wokukhiqiza oshiwo ngenhla ekukhiqizweni, ukulethwa kwezinto ze-polysilicon ezweni lami kuzokhushulwa kufinyelele kumathani ayi-710,000,
alingana cishe ne-260GW yomthamo wokukhiqizwa kwemodyuli ye-photovoltaic.
(2) Isixhumanisi sokukhiqiza se-Silicon esilucwecwe
Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-silicon wafer yinqubo yokukhiqiza yokudonsa nokusika izinduku ze-polycrystalline silicon
zibe ama-wafers e-monocrystalline silicon, noma ukuncibilikisa nokupholisa ama-silicon ingots we-polycrystalline. Ngokuncipha okuqhubekayo kwezindleko zokukhiqizwa kwamaseli e-monocrystalline silicon kanye nobuhle bokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric,
ama-monocrystalline silicon wafers abe kancane kancane abe yindlela ehamba phambili yobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwe-silicon wafer eminyakeni yamuva.
1. I-182mm / 210mm silicon wafer isibe yinkomba yokuthuthuka
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo
kwezinga lobuchwepheshe lokukhiqizwa kwe-silicon wafer, usayizi omkhulu we-silicon wafer uhlala ukhula uqonde kokukhulu nokuncane (Umdwebo 4).
Umdwebo 4 Ukuvela kukasayizi wesilinda sesilonda esijwayelekile
Ngokwedatha evela kuChina
Photovoltaic Industry Association, amafabhethi ezwe lesilicon ezweni lami ikakhulukazi angama-silicon wafers ayi-156.75mm kanye nama-158.75mm. Ngo-2019, isabelo semakethe sama-wafers angu-silicon angu-156.75mm sasingama-61%, silandelwa ngu-158.75mm, nesabelo
semakethe esingu-32% . Ama-wafers amakhulu e-silicon Sekuwumkhuba wokuthuthuka.
Kusukela ngo-2020, le mboni isungule amakamu amabili asayizi amakhulu angu-182mm (M10) kanye nama-210mm (G12) ukuze kuthuthukiswe izigaxa zesiliconi ezinkulu. Njengamanje,
abakhiqizi abagqugquzela kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwamazinga we-silicon wafer 182mm ikakhulu afaka i-Longi, Jinko, JA Solar, Canadian Solar, njll. , Tongwei, Artex, njll Si et al.
Umdwebo wesi-5 Isibikezelo sesabelo semakethe sobukhulu obuhlukile
bama-silicon wafers
2. Ubungako bama-silicon wafers we-N-type monocrystalline kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke ukwanda
Ngokwezibalo nezibikezelo zeChina Photovoltaic Industry Association, ngonyaka we-2020, imakethe yama-monocrystalline
silicon wafers (P-type + N-type) izobalwa cishe i-90.2%, kanti isabelo semakethe se-P-type monocrystalline silicon wafers sizokhuphuka isuka kuma-60% ngo-2019 yaya ku-86.9%, cishe i-3.3% yama-wafers silicon e-N-type monocrystalline. Njengoba isidingo
esezansi semikhiqizo ye-monocrystalline sanda, isabelo semakethe yama-monocrystalline silicers wafers nawo azokwenyuka, futhi inani lama-wafers silicon wafers azoqhubeka nokwanda. Isabelo semakethe yama-polysilicon wafers sehle sisuka kuma-32.5% ngo-2019
saya ku-9.3% ngo-2020, futhi sizokwehla kancane kancane ngokuzayo.
3. ILongi neZhonghuan bahlala endaweni ehamba phambili ngokuphelele ekukhiqizeni i-silicon wafer
Ngo-2020, okwathinteka ukusabalala komhlaba wonke komqedazwe omusha we-pneumonia,
ukuthunyelwa kwe-silicon wafer yezwe lami kwaba nokwenyuka okuphawulekayo kokuthunyelwa komhlaba jikelele.Phakathi kwazo, i-CR5 yezwe lami yokukhiqiza i-silicon cishe i-88.1%, kanti imboni ukuhlushwa kuphakeme kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusukela
ngo-2020, abakhiqizi abahlukahlukene bezicucu ze-silicon baye baqinisa izinhlelo zabo zokwakha umthamo omkhulu wokukhiqiza osayizi abakhulu, okulindeleke ukuthi ufakwe ekukhiqizeni ngokulandelana kusukela ngo-2020 kuya ku-2021. Ngaleso sikhathi, isicucu
sesiliconi ohlangothini lokukhiqiza nakanjani luzobhekana namandla amakhulu okwakhiwa.
Ithebula 3 Umthamo wokukhiqiza wabakhiqizi abakhulu be-silicon wafer emhlabeni jikelele ngo-2020 namandla okubikezela abikezelwe ku-2021 (iyunithi: GW)
(3) Isixhumanisi sokukhiqiza amaseli
Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwamaseli inqubo yokulungisa amafabhethi e-silicon kumaseli we-photovoltaic anokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwesithombe kanye nokusebenza kahle kukagesi ngezinyathelo zenqubo ezifana
nokuthumela imiyalezo, ukusabalalisa i-doping, i-etching, nokuphrinta kwesikrini.
1. Ibhethri le-Heterojunction kulindeleke ukuthi livame kakhulu
Njengamanje, amaseli e-monocrystalline silicon asebenzisa amaseli we-PERC njengomzila wobuchwepheshe
ojwayelekile. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, amabhethri esikhathi esizayo we-N-type TOPCon kanye ne-heterojunction (HIT) ayaziwa embonini njengeyona ndlela entsha kakhulu yobuchwepheshe yokushintsha amabhethri e-PERC.
Umfanekiso 6 Ukuqhathaniswa
kwe-PERC, N-TOPCon kanye nesakhiwo sebhethri se-HIT
Ithebula 4 Ukuqhathaniswa kobuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bamanje nobesikhathi esizayo
Ngokuya ngemininingwane evela kuChina Photovoltaic Industry Association, ngo-2020,
izintambo zokukhiqiza amabhethri ze-PERC zisazoba umugqa ophambili wokukhiqiza wolayini abasanda kwakhiwa beseli elanga. Ngokukhishwa okuqhubekayo komthamo omusha wamaseli we-PERC, isabelo semakethe samaseli e-PERC sibuye sakhuphuka safinyelela ku-86.4%.
Amabhethri wohlobo lwe-N (ikakhulukazi afaka amabhethri e-heterojunction namabhethri we-TOPCon) ayabiza kakhulu, futhi nesilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwezinto ngobuningi sisencane. Isabelo samanje semakethe silinganiselwa ku-3.5%, ukwanda okuncane kusuka
ku-2019. Ngokusho kokubalwa kweTianfeng Securities, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nokwehla kwezindleko zemishini, umnotho we-HIT uzoqala ukuhola ngo-2023, kanti izindleko zizofinyelela ku-0.542 yuan / W, engaphansi kwe-PERC's 0.546 yuan
/ W futhi I-TOPCon's 0.577 yuan / W. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe be-HIT kulindeleke ukuthi bube ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile beseli ngemuva kuka-2025.
Umdwebo 7 Izibikezelo zamasheya zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo zamasheya e-PERC, N-TOPCon ne-HIT
2. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla wokukhiqizwa kwamaseli kuhlakazekile
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwe-silicon wafer, umthamo wokukhiqiza wamaseli elanga uhlakazekile, kepha amandla wokukhiqiza ajwayelekile akhiwa abakhiqizi baseChina.
Ngo-2020, abakhiqizi abahlanu abaphezulu bokukhiqizwa kwamaseli yiLongi, Tongwei, Aixu, JA neJinko. Ngo-2020, i-CR5 izobala amaseli angama-53.2%.
Ithebula 5 Umthamo wokukhiqiza wabakhiqizi abakhulu bamaseli womhlaba wonke ngo-2020 (iyunithi: GW)
(4) Isixhumanisi sokwenza into
Ukukhiqizwa kwento ukwenza ukuxhuma kwangaphambi kohlangothi nokuxhuma emuva ngemuva kokuhlola amaseli, nokubeka nokunamathisela amaseli, ingilazi, ukusika i-EVA, ifayibha yengilazi, kanye nendiza
yangemuva ngokwezinga elithile (ileveli yokubeka: kusuka phansi kuye phezulu: ingilazi enomoya omnene, i-EVA, ishidi lebhethri, i-EVA, indiza yangemuva), bese ifreyimu yezakhi ezinamaminerali ochungechungeni, bese ufaka inqubo yokukhiqiza yebhokisi lokuhlangana.
Umdwebo 8 Umdwebo wesikimu wokufakwa kwamamojula we-photovoltaic
1. Ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha obuyingxenye buyaqhubeka ngokushesha
IHalf-chip, i-MBB, i-lamination, i-shingle nobunye ubuchwepheshe bunemiphumela ebonakalayo ekuthuthukiseni
amandla. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha bezinto buyaqhubeka nokwenza izinto ngendlela entsha, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwesigamu-chip, i-MBB, i-laminated, shingled kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe kungakhuphula ngempumelelo amandla wezinto. Uma kubhekwa
ukuthambekela kokuthuthuka kwamanje, i-half-cell + MBB + lamination iyindlela yobuchwepheshe engabizi kakhulu, futhi nethemba lokuthuthuka lesikhathi esizayo le-shingle liyathembisa. Ngokuya ngemininingwane evela eChina Photovoltaic Industry Association,
ngo-2019, ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha imodyuli busalawulwa ngamamojula we-chip ephelele, abalwa cishe ngama-77.1% emakethe. Isabelo semakethe ye-half-chip kulindeleke ukuthi sikhule kancane kancane, futhi izinga lokungena kulindeleke ukuthi lidlule ama-50%
ngonyaka we-2021.
Amamojula ama-bifacial aletha ushintsho lwekhwalithi ekusebenzeni kwezindleko. Amamojula anezinhlangothi ezimbili ashintsha i-backplane yemodyuli ibe yinto ebonakalayo (ingilazi noma i-backplane esobala) encapsulation, engenza
ibhande langemuva lithathe ukukhanya futhi likhiqize ugesi lapho ukukhuphuka kwezindleko kunqunyelwe. Ngokuya ngezimo zesiteshi samandla se-photovoltaic, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla imodyuli ingakhuphuka ngo-5% -30% Ayilindi.
2. Ukukhula okusheshayo
kokuthunyelwa kwezinto ezivela kubakhiqizi abakhulu
Ku-2020, amandla wokukhiqiza abakhiqizi bama-module amakhulu ezweni lami anda ngokushesha, futhi isidingo somhlaba wonke sokufakwa kwe-photovoltaic sizokwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwamamojula we-photovoltaic
(Ithebula 6). Ngokombono wokuthunyelwa, imodyuli ye-photovoltaic global CR5 ibingama-55.1%. Ngokusho kwesibikezelo se-PVInfoLink, ngokuqala kokukhiqizwa kwabakhiqizi abakhulu ekupheleni kuka-2020 no-2021, inhlangano yomhlaba wonke