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热门关键词： 光伏太阳能板天窗 防水光伏太阳能电池板 U玻璃光伏太阳能电池板
1、组件的电压和蓄电池的电压要匹配，PWM型控制器太阳能组件和蓄电池之间通过一个电子开关相连接，中间没有电感等装置，组件的电压是蓄电池的电压1.2-2.0倍之间，如果是24V的蓄电池，组件输入电压在30-50V之间，MPPT控制器，中间有一个功率开关管和电感等电路，组件的电压是蓄电池的电压1.2-3.5倍之间，如果是24V的蓄电池，组件输入电压在30-90V之间。
2、组件的输出功率和控制器的功率要相近，如一个48V30A的控制器，输出功率为1440VA，组件的功率应该在1500W左右。选择控制器时，先看蓄电池的电压，再用组件功率除以蓄电池的电压，就是控制器的输出电流。
3、如果一台逆变器功率不够，需要多台逆变器并联，光伏离网系统输出连接负载，每个逆变器输出端电压和电流相位和幅值都不一样，逆变器如果输出端并联，要加上有并机功能的逆变器。
1
故障分析
没有蓄电池直流输入，逆变器LCD电源是由蓄电池供电的。
可能原因
（1）蓄电池电压不够。蓄电池刚出厂时，一般都会充满电，但蓄电池如果长时间不用，也会慢慢放完（自放电）。离网系统电压有12V、24V、48V、96V等多种，有的应用要多个蓄电池串联才到满足系统电压，如果连接电缆没做好，也会造成蓄电池电压不够。
（2）蓄电池端子接反。蓄电池端子有正负两极，一般是红色接正极，黑色接负极。
（3）直流开关没有合上或开关故障。
解决办法
（1）如果是蓄电池电压不够，系统不能工作，太阳能不能给蓄电池充电，要去另外找一个地方先把蓄电池充到30%以上。
（2）如果是线路的问题，用万用表电压档测量各个蓄电池电压。电压正常时，总电压是各蓄电池电压之和。如果没有电压，依次检测直流开关，接线端子，电缆接头等是否正常
（3）如果蓄电池电压正常，接线正常，开关也打开了，逆变器还是没有显示，则可能是逆变器发生故障，要通知厂家检修。
2
故障分析
蓄电池是通过光伏组件和控制器，或者市电和控制器来充电的。
可能原因
（1）组件原因：组件电压不够，阳光偏低，组件和直流电缆接线不好。
（2）蓄电池电路接线不好。
（3）蓄电池已充满，达到最高电压。
解决办法
（1）依次检测直流开关、接线端子、电缆接头、组件、蓄电池等是否正常。如果有多路组件，要分开单独接入测试。
（2）当蓄电池达到满荷电时，就不能再充电了，但不同的蓄电池充满电时电压不一样，如额定电压为12V的蓄电池，充满电时电压在12.8~13.5V之间，主要和蓄电池满荷电时的电解液比重有关。要根据蓄电池的型号调整最高限压。
（3）输入过流：蓄电池的充电电流一般为0.1C-0.2C，最大不超过0.3C，例如1节铅酸蓄电池12V200AH，充电电流一般在20A到40A之间，最大不能超过60A。组件功率要和控制器功率相配合。
（4）输入过压：组件输入电压过高，检查电池板电压，若确实高，可能原因为电池板配置串数过多，减少电池板串数
3
故障分析
负载功率大于逆变器或者蓄电池功率。
可能原因
（1）逆变器过载：逆变器过载超出时间范围，负载功率超出最大值，调整负载大小。
（2）蓄电池过载：放电电流一般为0.2C-0.3C，最大不超过0.5C，1节12V200AH铅酸蓄电池，输出最大功率不超过2400W，不同的厂家，不同的型号，具体的数值也不一样。
（3）负载是电梯之类的负载不能直接和逆变器输出端相连接，因为电梯在下降时，电动机反转，会产生一个反电动势，进入逆变器时，对逆变器有损坏。如果必须要用离网系统，建议在逆变器和电梯电动机之间加一个变频器。
（4）感性负载启动功率过大。
解决办法
负载的额定功率要低于逆变器功率，负载的峰值功率不能大于逆变器额定功率的1.5倍。
1
开路电压低，闭路电压(放电)很快达到终止电压。大电流放电时，端电压迅速下降到零。开路时，电解液密度很低，在低温环境中电解液会出现结冰现象。充电时，电压上升很慢，始终保持低值(有时降为零)。充电时，电解液温度上升很高很快。充电时，电解液密度上升很慢或几乎无变化。充电时不冒气泡或冒气出现很晚。
造成铅酸蓄电池内部短路的原因主要有以下几个方面：
隔板质量不好或缺损，使极板活性物质穿过，致使正、负极板虚接触或直接接触。隔板窜位致使正负极板相连。极板上活性物质膨胀脱落，因脱落的活性物质沉积过多，致使正、负极板下部边缘或侧面边缘与沉积物相互接触而造成正负极板相连。导电物体落入电池内造成正、负极板相连。
2
（1）铅蓄电池在充电过程中电压上升的很快，其初期和终期电压过高，终期充电电压可达2.90V／单格左右。
（2）在放电过程中，电压降低很快，即过早的降至终止电压，所以其容量比其它电池显著降低。
（3）充电时，电解液温度上升的快，易超过45℃。
（4）充电时，电解液密度低于正常值，且充电时过早地发生气泡。
造成极板硫酸化主要有以下几方面的原因：
（1）铅蓄电池初充电不足或初充电中断时间较长。
（2）铅蓄电池长期充电不足。
（3）放电后未能及时充电。
（4）经常过量放电或小电流深放电。
（5）电解液密度过高或者温度过高，硫酸铅将深入形成不易恢复。
（6）铅酸蓄电池搁置时间较长，长期不使用而未定期充电。
There is no unified specification for photovoltaic off-grid system. It should be designed according to the needs of users, mainly considering the selection and calculation of components, inverters, controllers, batteries, cables, switches and other equipment. Before the design, the preliminary work should be done well. It is necessary to understand the user's load type and power, the climatic conditions of the installation site, and the user's electricity consumption. After the demand is clear, the plan can be done well.
The picture
1, the voltage of the component and the voltage of the battery to match, PWM controller between the solar module and the battery through an electronic switch connected, there is no inductive device in the middle, the voltage of the component is between 1.2-2.0 times the voltage of the battery, if it is the 24V battery, the input voltage of the component is between 30-50V, MPPT controller, There is a power switch tube and inductor circuit in the middle, the voltage of the component is between 1.2-3.5 times of the voltage of the battery, if it is a 24V battery, the input voltage of the component is between 30-90V.
2, the output power of the component and the power of the controller should be close, such as a 48V30A controller, the output power is 1440VA, the power of the component should be about 1500W. When selecting the controller, first look at the battery voltage, and then divide the component power by the battery voltage, is the output current of the controller.
3, if an inverter power is not enough, the need for multiple inverters in parallel, photovoltaic off-grid system output connection load, each inverter output voltage and current phase and amplitude are different, if the inverter output parallel, to add a parallel function of the inverter.
The picture
Common problems during off-network system debugging
1
The inverter LCD is not displayed
01
Failure analysis
There is no battery DC input, the inverter LCD power supply is powered by the battery.
02
Possible reasons for
(1) Battery voltage is not enough. When the battery just leaves the factory, it is generally full of electricity, but if the battery is not used for a long time, it will slowly run out (self-discharge). Off-grid system voltage is 12V, 24V, 48V, 96V and other kinds of, some applications to multiple battery series to meet the system voltage, if the connection cable is not good, will also cause battery voltage is not enough.
(2) The battery terminal is improperly connected. Battery terminals have positive and negative poles, usually red to the positive pole and black to the negative pole.
(3) Dc switch is not closed or the switch is faulty.
03
The solution
(1) If the battery voltage is not enough, the system can not work, the solar energy can not charge the battery, to find another place to charge the battery to more than 30%.
(2) If it is the fault of the line, use a multimeter to measure the voltage of each battery. When the voltage is normal, the total voltage is the sum of all battery voltages. If there is no voltage, check whether the DC switch, wiring terminals, and cable connectors are normal
(3) If the battery voltage is normal, the wiring is normal, the switch is opened, and the inverter is still not displayed, the inverter may be faulty, and the manufacturer should be notified for maintenance.
2
The battery cannot be charged
01
Failure analysis
Batteries are charged by photovoltaic modules and controllers, or mains and controllers.
02
Possible reasons for
(1) Component cause: component voltage is insufficient, sunlight is low, and the connection between component and DC cable is not good.
(2) The battery circuit is not connected properly.
(3) The battery is full and reaches the maximum voltage.
03
The solution
(1) Check the DC switches, wiring terminals, cable connectors, components, and batteries in sequence. If there are multiple components, connect them separately for testing.
(2) when the battery is fully charged, it can no longer be charged, but the voltage is not the same when the battery is fully charged, such as the rated voltage of 12V battery, when the voltage is fully charged between 12.8 and 13.5V, mainly related to the proportion of electrolyte when the battery is fully charged. Adjust the maximum voltage limit according to the type of the battery.
(3) Input overcurrent: The charging current of batteries is generally 0.1C-0.2c, and the maximum charging current is no more than 0.3c. For example, the charging current of a lead-acid battery 12V200AH is generally between 20A and 40A, and the maximum charging current cannot exceed 60A. The component power must be matched with the controller power.
(4) Input overvoltage: The input voltage of the component is too high. Check the voltage of the panel. If it is indeed high, the possible reason is that the number of panels is too many and the number of panels is reduced
3
The inverter shows overload or does not start
01
Failure analysis
The load power is greater than that of the inverter or battery.
02
Possible reasons for
(1) Inverter overload: the inverter overload exceeds the time range, and the load power exceeds the maximum value. Adjust the load size.
(2) Battery overload: the discharge current is generally 0.2C-0.3c, and the maximum is no more than 0.5C. The maximum output power of one 12V200AH lead-acid battery is no more than 2400W. Different manufacturers and models have different specific values.
(3) The load is the load such as the elevator can not be directly connected to the output end of the inverter, because when the elevator falls, the motor reverses, and a back electromotive force will be generated. When entering the inverter, the inverter will be damaged. If off-grid system must be used, it is recommended to add a frequency converter between the inverter and the elevator motor.
(4) The starting power of inductive load is too large.
03
The solution
The rated power of the load must be lower than that of the inverter, and the peak power of the load cannot be more than 1.5 times of the rated power of the inverter.
The picture
Common Problems with Batteries
1
Short circuit phenomenon and causes
Lead acid battery short circuit refers to the lead acid battery internal positive and negative electrode group connected. Lead acid battery short circuit is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
Open circuit voltage is low, the closed circuit voltage (discharge) quickly reaches the stop voltage. When discharging with high current, the terminal voltage drops rapidly to zero. When open circuit, electrolyte density is very low, in low temperature environment electrolyte will appear ice phenomenon. When charging, the voltage rises slowly and remains low (sometimes falling to zero). When charging, the temperature of the electrolyte rises very high and very quickly. When charging, electrolyte density rises slowly or hardly changes. Charging without bubbles or gas appearing very late.
Causes of lead acid battery internal short circuit mainly include the following aspects:
The diaphragm quality is not good or defective, so that the plate active substance through, resulting in positive and negative plate virtual contact or direct contact. The partition plate channeling causes the positive and negative plates to be connected. The active material on the plate expands and falls off. Because the active material deposited too much, the lower edge or side edge of the positive and negative plates contact each other with the sediments, resulting in the positive and negative plates being connected. A conductive object falls into the battery and connects the positive and negative plates.
2
Phenomenon and reason of plate acidification
Plate sulphuric acid is lead sulphate which forms white hard crystals on the plate and is very difficult to convert into active substances when charging. There are mainly the following phenomena after sulphation of lead-acid battery plate:
(1) The voltage of lead battery rises rapidly in the charging process, and its initial and final voltage is too high, and the final charging voltage can reach about 2.90V/single cell.
(2) In the discharge process, the voltage drops quickly, that is, prematurely to the termination voltage, so its capacity is significantly lower than other batteries.
(3) When charging, the temperature of the electrolyte rises quickly and easily exceeds 45℃.
(4) When charging, the electrolyte density is lower than normal, and bubbles occur prematurely when charging.
The main reasons for plate acidification are as follows:
(1) Lead battery initial charge is insufficient or initial charge interruption time is long.
(2) Long-term insufficient charge of lead battery.
(3) Failed to charge in time after discharge.
(4) often excessive discharge or small current deep discharge.
(5) If the electrolyte density is too high or the temperature is too high, lead sulfate will form deeply and it is not easy to recover.
(6) lead-acid battery for a long time, long-term use without regular charging.
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