一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革正在加快推进——“双碳”目标之下，顶层设计的蓝图已经展开，一系列实施细则陆续出炉。今年以来，我国正以制度创新实实在在践行“减碳”承诺。
长江商学院大型企业治理与创新管理实践教授、中国石化原董事长、党组书记傅成玉指出，在这场系统性变革中，每个人、每个系统、每个组织都将涉及其中，谁都不可能置身度外，不要把碳中和当作难题或挑战，而是当作机遇。
如何理解碳中和的重大意义？碳中和究竟会带来哪些挑战，又蕴藏着哪些机会？希望今天这篇傅成玉教授的演讲可以为你打开思路。
以下内容整理自长江商学院大型企业治理与创新管理实践教授、中国石化原董事长、党组书记傅成玉在第12届长江青投论坛上所作的主旨演讲 《碳中和与中国现代化建设的新内涵》。
长江商学院大型企业治理与创新管理实践教授
01碳中和的重大意义
我想先着重谈谈碳中和对中国的重大意义。
我国力争2030年前实现碳达峰，2060年前实现碳中和，是党中央经过深思熟虑作出的重大战略决策，事关中华民族永续发展和构建人类命运共同体。
首先，碳中和的高度已经远远超过碳本身，上升到中国永续发展的问题。它事关实现中华民族伟大复兴，建设社会主义现代化强国，构建人类命运共同体。我们需要理解碳中和的更深一层意义，即推动人类社会重大的变革。其次，中央会议明确提出碳达峰、碳中和是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革。作为一场社会和经济的系统性变革，每个人、每个系统、每个组织都将涉及其中，谁都不可能置身度外。此外， 中央会议还重新提出 “人和自然和谐共生的现代化”。我国坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，坚持节约优先、保护优先，自然恢复为主的方针，形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式、生活方式、统筹污染治理生态保护应对气候变化，促进生态环境持续改善，努力建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化。那么，我们目前处在什么阶段？
按照中央的表述，我国生态文明建设进入了以降碳为重点战略方向、推动减污降碳协同增效、促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型、实现生态环境质量改善由量变到质变的关键时期。也就是说，这并非今天或明天的一日之计，而是至少到2060年之前我们都是以降碳为重点方向。学术界、企业界都从碳本身的角度出发看待降碳，例如能源结构转型、产业结构转型等等。其实对国家而言，更重要的是推动整个经济社会的重大系统性变革，所以在未来我们会看到一系列改革政策的出
02  碳中和，
企业可持续发展的必由之路碳中和对人类的影响深远。第一，重大灾难性气候已成常态；第二，海平面上升，冰川融化。按照科学家预计，如果人类再不采取有效措施，到2050年海平面上升将致使很多岛屿国家消失，有的模型上显示就连上海的一部分都会被海水覆盖。气候变化不仅催生重大自然灾害，更将产生生态灾难，无论是对植物、对动物甚至对人的健康都会造成不可预料的损害。为什么疫情后几乎所有发达经济体都同时开始关注气候变化，尤其关注加快推动应对气候变化政策的法律和措施？因为新冠疫情使全世界认识到，一个小小的病毒就可以让整个人类社会陷入停摆。如果我们还不及时采取措施，气候变化对人类社会的伤害会几倍于疫情带来的伤害。因此，几乎世界主要经济体以及所有签署《巴黎气候协议》签字的国家，对气候变化的行动都远比往常积极主动。未来碳中和目标下，企业的可持续发展能力将包括三个新的因素：低碳发展能力低碳发展能力会成为企业可持续发展能力的重要内容。低碳发展能力的核心是低碳发展的技术和研发能力。企业责任担当
过去，中国很多企业家认为企业社会责任主要是做公益；未来，企业将要承担更多对环境和气候变化的责任，更多的承担对公众和社会的责任。其中包括有消费者数据是否被滥用、消费者权益是否受损，以及对环境和对气候变化的责任等更广阔的范畴。公司治理能力企业首先要清楚企业存在的目的和意义是什么。
企业的最终目的一定不是只为企业发展，而一定是为大众、为社会甚至是为人类社会的进步而存在的。因此，企业需要有公正、公开、规范、透明的公司治理机制和治理能力，以维护和保障所有利益关联方的利益。
公司治理能力要求把关联方的所有责任纳入到公司的治理体系当中，因此我们原来的管理制度、管理程序、管理思想都要做出相应调整，即意味着在可持续发展能力上增加了新的内容。
现在，如果我们到全球市场上再谈企业的产品和市场价格，格局就太小了；所有企业到全球谈的一定是社会责任和公司治理，因为这才是共同国际语言也是企业的共同责任和价值。产品、市场价格属于企业自身的特殊语言，只有在共同语言、共同价值的基础上再谈特色，人家才能接受你。要求企业必须具备可持续发展能力，正是碳中和带来的第一重影响。

03减碳趋势下，企业面临多重压力气候变化敦促人类社会必须采取更大规模的行动、更积极的措施，研发更多新技术来推动碳的减少释放。然而目前，几乎所有企业都准备不够、技术不足，首先连自己排多少碳都不清楚，思考如何减碳就更是困难，这就会导致市场反过来给企业以压力。这些压力具体会表现在哪些方面呢？
第一，企业形象。过去，企业形象更多取决于企业的发展能力，即：企业的成长力或企业的有机增长，比如销售额增长多少、利润增长多少、产品销售怎么样。而现在，这些标准不足够了，如今的企业形象增加了绿色低碳、生态环保的要求。第二，企业价值。企业形象并不是空的，将直接影响企业价值。现在，企业价值已经与碳多碳少直接关联。传统的化石能源企业面临着巨大压力，被认为对社会长期发展不利，企业形象受到打击，直接带来企业价值的降低。过去，这样大市值的行业龙头是我们争相追赶的目标；现在，一家美国新能源上市公司的资产可能比这些传统龙头可能少上百倍，但是市值已经远超传统龙头。因此，尽管传统能源企业的产量和利润并没有快速下滑，但市值一路走低就是整个行业面临的现状。如果我们看特斯拉、小鹏、理想这些新能源汽车公司，世界排名前十的传统汽车制造企业的市值加在一起，还不如特斯拉的市值高。从销量上看，头部传统车企一年可能卖出上千万辆；特斯拉一年卖多少辆？40万辆。但特斯拉的市值比传统车企前十名加在一起还高，这就是包含了碳价值。更重要的是，传统企业如果不把生态文明作为主要推动方向的话，再融资就会非常难，而且越来越贵。面对市场压力，传统企业必须进行更大的投入，采取更激进的措施，做好加快能源转型规划的同时，通过技术尽快减少存量碳。
第三，信息披露。未来在资本市场里，任何国家都会要求企业在年报里披露碳排放量，严重影响企业形象，对企业产生无形的压力，促使企业必须主动采取措施。我们可以看到，全球大型能源企业都在推行能源转型计划，其中包括采取各项措施推行CCUS（碳捕集、利用和封存）；中国企业要花大力气更多在碳利用上下功夫。企业而言，既是一个重大挑战，也是一个转型发展的新机遇。
第四，碳税和碳足迹。先讲讲碳税，简单来说就是对非本土生产的进口产品依照含碳量征收碳税，欧盟已经力推碳的“边界税”，美国很快也会跟上。一旦开始施行，企业即将面临成本上升的压力，反过来说，我们需要思考如何采用更先进的技术和工艺流程进一步减少产品中的含碳量。接下来谈谈我们常说的碳足迹。在中国，很多人不太清楚这个概念，到底什么叫碳足迹？每走一步留下的脚印叫足迹，碳足迹就各种产品在被使用过程中在社会不同领域留下的碳痕迹。在西方发达国家，企业要对三个领域的碳实行管理或治理：● 第一个领域的碳，是制造产品的过程中用了多少传统的燃料，燃料燃烧后通过烟尘释放了多少碳到大气中。在国内，我们常说的碳排放主要是指化石燃料燃烧后所释放的二氧化碳的量。● 第二个领域的碳，是所生产产品中所含的二氧化碳的量。在化工，钢铁等工业制造领域除了一部分燃料燃烧后释放的二氧化碳之外，还有一部分化石能源作为了产品的原料，这些原料最后转化成为生产产品的一部分。不同的原料、不同的产品，不同的工艺流程所形成产品里的二氧化碳的量也是不同的。这是企业碳管理或碳治理中第二个碳的量。● 企业碳管理或碳治理的第三个领域，是企业含碳的产品卖给消费者之后，消费者是怎么使用这个产品的，在使用过程中是增加了碳排放还是减少了碳排放，是一个环节还是多个环节等等。企业产品进入社会后，产品中碳的变化的管理也属于企业的责任。企业产品进入市场在使用过程中各个环节，二氧化碳的变化过程就是所谓的碳足迹。
中国企业目前还没有把碳足迹作为自己的责任来考虑，希望早一点考虑，这将会成为全球一致的行动。早准备以后比较主动。我们应该清楚，在全球强化应对气候变化的大势下，国际社会在碳中和上的规则、方法、制度将会逐渐趋于一致， 所以早准备早主动。我们每个人、每个单位、每个社区、每个学校、每个医院都存在减碳的问题，因为我们都在用汽车、用空调、用电器。国内的电70%以上的电力是来自化石能源，有大量碳排放，所以每个人、每个企业、每个单位都有减碳的责任，都要形成绿色低碳的生活方式。作为个人，一年消费多少碳、释放多少碳，怎么样将碳量减下来，将会形成一套规则，把减下来的碳变成我们个人的价值。
第五，绿色金融。如果企业不参与全球生态的治理，不采取行动去减碳，不去大力发展清洁能源或者开发新的低碳产业，企业可能贷不来款，或者贷款价格更高。绿色金融支持致力于减碳的企业，支持能源结构、产业结构的调整。对生态空间做出贡献的企业，可以使用绿色贷款、发绿色债券、获得基金投资，反之就会面临很大压力。所有面向市场化的企业，如果需要吸引基金投资、需要发行绿色债券，第一条考量就是对减碳有何贡献。如果没有减碳方面的行为，不但融资成本高，企业市值和价值一定涨不起来。因此长远来看，任何企业、任何人都无法逃脱生态文明建设的大环境、大背景基本规定的要求。


04碳中和是挑战，更是机遇
无论从国家层面、企业层面还是个人层面，碳中和都是重大机遇。具体有哪些机遇？
第一，能源结构的调整。
任何国家但凡想应对气候变化，第一件事就是调整能源结构。这对中国来说是巨大压力，因为我国能源禀赋就是以化石能源为主导。去年我们总计消费48亿吨标准煤；在能源结构上，85%是化石能源，其中60%是煤，绿色可再生能源只占15%左右，而要达到碳中和目标，就要把两者比例倒过来——清洁能源或可再生能源占85%，化石能源占15%以下。这是我们从当下开始到2060年要达到的目标。所有方向、路径、技术、生产方式的选择，都将发生在这个过渡期，所以要早做准备。纵观全球，中国在清洁能源领域是发展速度最快的国家。无论太阳能、风能的装机容量都排在世界第一，电动汽车保有量达到400万辆，已经占到全球市场的70%。从现在开始，中国的清洁能源还会以超出想象的速度继续发展至不可估量的规模。
第二，节能降耗和存量减碳。我国尚处于碳中和的过渡阶段，最好的、也是最有效办法就是先把能耗降下来—即节能降耗。目前中国单位GDP的能耗是发达国家平均水平的两倍以上，这个数字完全可以降下来，在源头上节省能耗，既减少污染物的排放也减少碳的排放。在节能降耗上中国的潜力非常大，在未来5–10年，在大力发展清洁可再生能源的同时，要把主要精力放在节能降耗上。这样既可以在过渡阶段将存量持续降下来，又可以避免运动式的、激进的关企业行为。
降碳怎么降？
● 首先，所有企业都要开展降碳的基础性工作即开始摸自己的家底，要查清楚自己的企业到底排放了多少碳。也就是开展碳盘查。要盘查每一个生产装置、每一条生产线、根据所使用的燃料、原料、所生产的产品、工艺流程等等来开发算法，进而把家底摸清，算清楚当前的碳排放总量。● 然后再根据选择的技术、工程、设备装置等条件和水平，制定企业碳达峰、碳中和的时间表、路线图和施工图。
● 企业碳管理或碳治理的第三个领域，是企业含碳的产品卖给消费者之后，消费者是怎么使用这个产品的，在使用过程中是增加了碳排放还是减少了碳排放，是一个环节还是多个环节等等。企业产品进入社会后，产品中碳的变化的管理属于企业的责任。企业产品进入市场在使用过程中各个环节，二氧化碳的变化过程就是所谓的碳足迹。
第三，产业结构的调整。以汽车行业为例，中国传统汽车产业相较全球先进水平总体上是落后的，但在新能源上汽车上几乎与先进水平同步，所以未来新能源汽车的发展，规模最大的市场一定是在中国，速度最快的市场也一定是在中国。中国在新能源汽车的技术和规范上也应该和可能走在世界前面。
如果中国在新能源汽车领域可以形成一套完整的技术规范和管理规范，就可能变成全球新能源汽车领域共同的规范。
第四，碳资产与碳交易。
（一）关于碳资产
人类活动所产生的碳有不同的来源，来自传统化石能源的生产和使用，来自工业制造，来自人们的生活方式。在不同领域所释放的二氧化碳，可以通过开发成为不同的碳产品，即把碳从负担转化为碳资产。目前，国家成立的上海碳交易所还只是对强制性行业所产生的碳进行规定和交易。这方面社会上谈论的比较多，这里就不讲了。我重点讲一下非强制减排领域，即自愿碳减排领域，的碳减排和碳资产开发问题。这个自愿减排领域涉及到方方面面，是非常重要的领域，也是大有作为的领域，在国家生态文明建设中、在中国碳总量减排中将占有重要位置并发挥重大作用。比如一个人开什么档次的汽车，每百公里烧多少油、排多少碳，算出这些数字，减少一次开车就减少了一定量的碳排放。再比如最简单的开发票，过去用纸，现在用电子发票就可以省碳，就可以把省下来的碳转化为碳资产。
其他领域也是一样，可以开发出不同领域的碳产品并形成碳资产。作为政府来说，应该大力和加快推出相应鼓励政策和制度，把这些减下来的碳作为专项碳产品给这些个人和单位赋予碳价值。鼓励和推动全社会每一个人都成为减碳的行为主体，绿色低碳的生活方式就一定能够更快形成。自愿减排领域的碳产品开发涉及城市、开发区、工业区，涉及各行各业、不同单位，企业、学校、医院、事业机关以及社区方方面面都有减碳的空间价值，都可以开发出不同的碳品种，形成碳资产。


（二）关于碳交易
我们国家刚刚开始运行，上海已经开始交易了，第一锤敲出了50元一吨，相信以后还会有所上涨。需要注意的是，目前的探究与规则范围和相关交易制度，仍然是中国当前情况制定的本土化的制度，还与国际上的标准和规范不同。一是我国各企业碳排放总量是建立在不同燃料燃烧后释放的碳量基础上估算的量。而不是根据对燃料、原料、产品、工艺、装置等现实情境下开发的算法，计算出来的碳排放的量。二是我国目前只限定了几大工业行业为指令性碳减排行业。这些行业里的企业减排下来的碳的一小部分可以在交易所进行交易。这是因为：三，这些行业中各企业碳排放的总量是有关政府部门给予的配额。在这种制度安排前提下，不可能激励企业加大在碳减排技术研发投入的力度。很容易使碳交易市场，成为企业应对碳年度配额而导致的季节性交易场所。虽然有交易所，却很难形成常规性市场；尽管有世界上最大的碳量，但却形不成世界最大的碳交易量和碳价值量。这既不能促进甚至也不能支撑中国碳达峰、碳中和更好、更快的发展。
（三）关于碳汇
最后说几句关于碳汇。碳中和一般指人类生产活动所排出的二氧化碳，与自然界所排出的碳和吸收的碳，加在一起实现碳中和。碳汇是指自然界和人类活动所能吸收固化的二氧化碳，就是指通过植树造林、植被恢复等措施吸收大气中二氧化碳的过程，比如海洋可以吸收约30%人类活动所排放的碳，比如森林、树木、草原都吸收或固化一定量的二氧化碳。因此，各国政府都鼓励企业和单位大量种植森林和树木，并把这些固化的碳作为碳汇进行交易。这个是实现碳中和不可忽视的一个领域。
需要指出的是，如果企业从完成碳中和任务角度来考种植森林增加碳汇的话，应该考虑那些可以不断被砍伐利用并重复种植的树种。因为不同的树木生长期是一定的，故一生中固碳数量是有限的，因此要想不断增加碳汇，必须有不断地重复种植。其他类型的碳汇，从企业角度考虑也应该具有可重复性，才可不断增加价值。
金融投资，需将技术作为核心考量。围绕碳的金融投资要以企业碳价值链中所体现的技术为核心，以各类减碳技术分别在调整能源结构、调整产业结构，减少碳排放以及进行碳产品开发等领域中的作用为考量。无论能源结构调整、存量减排、新产品开发还是产业结构调整，各领域、各环节核心都在于技术。所以做金融投资，需要牢牢抓住技术作为核心考量。
最后，用三句话简单总结今天的分享：● 碳中和是中华民族伟大复兴的重大机遇。● 我们每一个人、每一家企业、每一个单位都不要把碳中和当作难题或挑战，而是当作机遇。把碳中和当作机遇，就会主动抓住机遇。● 碳中和是企业可持续发展的必由之路。早行动、早主动、早得宜。

Carbon neutrality is a great opportunity for the next 40 years

Original fu Chengyu Cheung Kong Business School August 16

A broad and profound economic and social system change is accelerating. Under the "dual carbon" goal, the blueprint of top-level design has been launched and a series of detailed implementation rules have been released. Since the beginning of this year, China has been implementing its commitment to carbon reduction through institutional innovation.

Professor cheung kong graduate school of large-scale enterprise management and innovation management practices, sinopec's former chairman, party secretary fu chengyu pointed out that in the systemic change, each person, each system, each organization will be involved, who can not, don't put the carbon neutral as a problem or challenge, but as an opportunity.

How to understand the significance of carbon neutrality?What are the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality? I hope this lecture by Professor Fu Chengyu can open your mind.

The following content is compiled from the keynote speech "Carbon neutrality and The New Connotation of China's Modernization" delivered by Fu Chengyu, professor of Large Enterprise Governance and Innovation Management practice of Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business, former chairman and Party Secretary of Sinopec, at the 12th Yangtze Youth Investment Forum.

Professor of Large Enterprise Governance and Innovation Management practice, Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business

The significance of carbon neutrality

Let me first focus on the significance of carbon neutrality for China.

China's goal of achieving carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutral by 2060 is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee after careful consideration. It bears on the sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

First of all, the height of carbon neutrality has gone far beyond carbon itself, rising to the issue of sustainable development in China.It is about realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, building a great modern socialist country, and building a community with a shared future for mankind.We need to understand the deeper meaning of carbon neutrality, which is to drive major changes in human society.Second, the central conference clearly pointed out that carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a broad and profound economic and social systematic change. As a systemic social and economic change, everyone, every system and every organization will be involved in it, and no one can be immune.In addition, the central meeting also re-proposed the "modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature". Adhere to the basic state policy of resource conservation and environmental protection in our country, to save and protect the preference and the principle of natural recovery, form the space pattern of resource conservation and environmental protection, industrial structure, production mode, life style, as a whole to tackle climate change, pollution ecological protection to promote the ecological environment continues to improve, strive to build a harmonious coexistence between man and nature of modernization.So where are we now?

According to the statement of the central government, China's ecological civilization construction has entered a critical period in which carbon reduction is the key strategic direction, synergy and efficiency of pollution reduction and carbon reduction are promoted, the overall green transformation of economic and social development is promoted, and the improvement of ecological environment quality is realized from quantitative change to qualitative change. In other words, this is not a day or a day, but we are focused on carbon reduction until at least 2060.Both academia and business circles view carbon reduction from the perspective of carbon itself, such as energy structure transformation, industrial structure transformation and so on. In fact, for the country, it is more important to promote major systemic changes in the whole economy and society, so we will see a series of reform policies in the future

02 Carbon neutral,

Carbon neutrality has a profound impact on human beings.First, major catastrophes have become the norm; Second, sea levels rise and glaciers melt.According to scientists, many island nations will disappear by 2050 due to rising sea levels if no effective measures are taken, and some models suggest that even parts of Shanghai could be covered by sea water. Climate change will not only bring about major natural disasters, but also ecological disasters, which will cause unpredictable damage to plants, animals and even human health. Why are almost all developed economies paying attention to climate change at the same time, and in particular to laws and measures to accelerate policies to address climate change? The COVID-19 pandemic has taught the world that a single virus can bring entire human societies to a halt. If we do not take timely action, climate change will hurt human society many times more than the pandemic. As a result, almost all of the world's major economies, and all of the signatories to the Paris climate Agreement, are far more proactive on climate change than usual. Under the goal of carbon neutrality in the future, the sustainable development capability of enterprises will include three new factors: low-carbon development capability Low-carbon development capability will become an important part of the sustainable development capability of enterprises. The core of low-carbon development capacity is the technology and research and development capacity of low-carbon development. Corporate responsibility

In the past, many Chinese entrepreneurs considered corporate social responsibility mainly for the public good.In the future, enterprises will assume more responsibilities for the environment and climate change, and more responsibilities for the public and society. These include whether consumer data has been misused, whether consumer rights have been harmed, and broader categories of responsibility for the environment and climate change.First of all, enterprises should be clear about the purpose and significance of their existence.

The ultimate purpose of an enterprise is not to develop only for the enterprise, but to exist for the public, for society and even for the progress of human society. Therefore, enterprises need to have a fair, open, standardized and transparent corporate governance mechanism and governance ability to safeguard and protect the interests of all stakeholders.

Corporate governance capacity requires that all responsibilities of related parties be incorporated into the corporate governance system, so our original management system, management procedures and management ideas should be adjusted accordingly, which means that new contents are added to the sustainable development capacity.

Now, if we go to the global market to talk about the products and market prices of enterprises, the pattern is too small;All enterprises must talk about social responsibility and corporate governance globally, because this is the common international language and the common responsibility and value of enterprises. Products and market prices belong to the special language of the enterprise itself. Only by talking about characteristics on the basis of common language and common value can people accept you. Enterprises are required to have sustainable development capacity, which is the first impact of carbon neutrality.

Climate change has urged the human society to take more large-scale action, more aggressive measures, and more new technologies to promote carbon emission reduction. However, at present, almost all enterprises are not prepared enough and lack technology. First of all, they do not know how much carbon they emit, and it is even more difficult to think about how to reduce carbon. This will lead to market pressure on enterprises. What are the specific aspects of these pressures?

First, corporate image.In the past, the corporate image depends more on the development ability of the enterprise, that is, the growth of the enterprise or the organic growth of the enterprise, such as sales growth, profit growth, product sales. But now, these standards are not enough, today's corporate image has increased the green low-carbon, ecological environmental protection requirements.Second, enterprise value. Corporate image is not empty and will directly affect corporate value.Now, enterprise value has been directly related to more carbon and less carbon.Traditional fossil energy enterprises are facing great pressure, which is considered to be detrimental to the long-term development of society, and their corporate image is hit, which directly reduces their corporate value. In the past, the industry leader with such a large market value was our goal to catch up;Today, an American listed new energy company may have hundreds of times less assets than these traditional leaders, but its market value is far more than traditional leaders. So while traditional energy companies' production and profits are not falling fast, their market values are falling.If we look at tesla, Xiaopeng, Ideal and other new energy vehicle companies, the combined market value of the world's top 10 traditional automobile manufacturers is not as high as tesla. In terms of sales, the head of the traditional car enterprises may sell tens of millions of cars a year;How many Cars does Tesla sell in a year? 400000 units.But Tesla's market capitalization is higher than that of the top 10 traditional automakers combined, which includes carbon value. What's more, it will be very difficult and increasingly expensive for traditional enterprises to refinance if they do not make ecological civilization their main driving direction. In the face of market pressure, traditional enterprises must make greater investment, take more radical measures, do a good job in accelerating energy transformation planning, and reduce carbon storage through technology as soon as possible.

Third, information disclosure.In the future, in the capital market, any country will require enterprises to disclose carbon emissions in the annual report, which will seriously affect the image of enterprises, bring invisible pressure on enterprises, and urge them to take measures voluntarily. We can see that major energy companies around the world are implementing energy transition plans, which include initiatives to implement CCUS (carbon capture, use and Storage); Chinese companies need to make a big effort to use more carbon. For enterprises, it is not only a major challenge, but also a new opportunity for transformation and development.

Fourth, carbon taxes and carbon footprints.Let's start with a carbon tax, which simply means imposing a carbon tax on imports that are not made in China based on their carbon content. The European Union has pushed for a "border tax" on carbon, and the United States will soon follow suit. Once implemented, companies will face rising costs and, in turn, we need to think about how to further reduce carbon content in products with more advanced technologies and processes. Now, let's talk about our carbon footprint. In China, many people are not very clear about this concept. What is a carbon footprint?The footprint left by each step is called footprint, which refers to the carbon footprint left by various products in different areas of society during the process of being used. ● The first is how much conventional fuels are used to make products, and how much carbon is released into the atmosphere through soot when that fuel is burned.Domestically, carbon emissions are mainly the amount of carbon dioxide released when fossil fuels are burned. ● The second area of carbon is the amount of carbon dioxide in the products produced. In the chemical industry, steel and other industrial manufacturing fields, in addition to part of the carbon dioxide released after fuel combustion, there is also a part of fossil energy as raw materials for products, and these raw materials are finally converted into a part of the production of products. The amount of carbon dioxide in products formed by different raw materials, different products and different technological processes is also different. This is the amount of second carbon in corporate carbon management or carbon governance. ● The third area of enterprise carbon management or carbon governance is how consumers use the products containing carbon after the products are sold to consumers, whether carbon emissions are increased or reduced in the process of use, whether it is one link or multiple links, etc.It is also the responsibility of enterprises to manage the change of carbon in their products after they enter the society. The carbon footprint is the change process of carbon dioxide in each link of the product entering the market.

Chinese companies have not yet considered their carbon footprint as their responsibility. Hopefully, sooner rather than later, this will become a concerted global action. It's more proactive to prepare early.We should be aware that under the general trend of intensifying the global response to climate change, the international community will gradually converge on the rules, methods and institutions on carbon neutrality. Therefore, we should make early preparations and take the initiative. Every one of us, every unit, every community, every school, every hospital has a problem of carbon reduction, because we all use cars, air conditioning, electrical appliances. More than 70% of the electricity in China comes from fossil fuels, with a large amount of carbon emissions. Therefore, everyone, every enterprise and every unit has the responsibility to reduce carbon emissions and form a green and low-carbon lifestyle. As individuals, how much carbon we consume and release in a year, and how we reduce it, will form a set of rules that will translate that carbon into our personal value.

Fifth, green finance.If enterprises do not participate in global ecological governance, do not take actions to reduce carbon, do not vigorously develop clean energy or develop new low-carbon industries, enterprises may not be able to borrow money, or the loan price will be higher. Green finance supports enterprises committed to carbon reduction, and supports the adjustment of energy structure and industrial structure.Enterprises that contribute to the ecological space can use green loans, issue green bonds, and get fund investment. Otherwise, they will face great pressure. For all market-oriented enterprises, if they need to attract fund investment or issue green bonds, the first consideration should be their contribution to carbon reduction. If there is no action on carbon reduction, not only the financing cost will be high, but the market value and value of enterprises will not rise. Therefore, in the long run, no enterprise or anyone can escape the requirements of the general environment and background of ecological civilization construction.

Carbon neutrality is both a challenge and an opportunity

Carbon neutrality is a major opportunity at the national, corporate and individual levels.What are the opportunities?

First, we need to adjust the energy structure.

If any country wants to deal with climate change, the first thing is to adjust the energy mix.This is a huge pressure for China, whose energy endowments are dominated by fossil fuels. Last year, we consumed 4.8 billion tons of standard coal;In terms of the energy mix, 85% is fossil energy, 60% of which is coal, and only about 15% is green renewable energy. To achieve carbon neutrality, the ratio should be reversed -- 85% is clean energy or renewable energy, and 15% is fossil energy. That's where we want to be from now until 2060.All choices of direction, path, technology, mode of production will take place during this transition period, so be prepared early. Across the world, China is the fastest growing country in clean energy.The installed capacity of both solar and wind power ranks first in the world, and the number of electric vehicles has reached 4 million, accounting for 70% of the global market. From now on, China's clean energy will continue to develop at an unimaginable speed to an incalculable scale.

Second, save energy and reduce consumption and carbon storage.China is still in the transition stage of carbon neutrality. The best and most effective way is to reduce energy consumption first -- namely, to save energy and reduce consumption. At present, China's energy consumption per unit OF GDP is more than twice the average level of developed countries. This figure can be reduced to save energy at the source and reduce both pollutant and carbon emissions. In the next five to ten years, while vigorously developing clean and renewable energy, we will focus our efforts on saving energy and reducing energy consumption.In this way, the inventory can be continuously reduced in the transition stage, and can avoid the movement of radical enterprise behavior.

How to reduce carbon?

● First, all companies need to start doing the basics of carbon reduction -- that is, starting to get to the bottom of their business to find out how much carbon they are emitting. That is, carbon inventory.Every production facility, every production line, based on the fuel used, raw materials, products produced, processes and so on to develop algorithms, and then get the bottom of the house, calculate the current total carbon emissions. ● And then according to the selected technology, engineering, equipment and other conditions and levels, formulate the enterprise carbon peak, carbon neutral schedule, road map and construction drawings.

● The third area of enterprise carbon management or carbon governance is how consumers use the products containing carbon after the products are sold to consumers, whether carbon emissions are increased or reduced in the process of use, whether it is one link or multiple links, etc. After the enterprise product enters the society, the management of the change of carbon in the product belongs to the enterprise's responsibility.The carbon footprint is the change process of carbon dioxide in each link of the product entering the market.

Third, the adjustment of industrial structure.Taking the automobile industry as an example, China's traditional automobile industry is generally backward compared with the global advanced level, but the new energy SAIC motor is almost synchronized with the advanced level, so the development of new energy vehicles in the future, the largest market must be in China, and the fastest market must be in China. China should and may lead the world in terms of technology and specifications for new energy vehicles.

If China can form a complete set of technical and management norms in the field of new energy vehicles, it may become a common norm in the global field of new energy vehicles.

Fourth, carbon assets and carbon trading.

(I) Carbon assets

Carbon generated by human activities comes from different sources, from the production and use of traditional fossil energy, from industrial manufacturing, and from the way people live. The carbon dioxide released in different sectors can be developed into different carbon products, that is, turning carbon from a burden into a carbon asset.At present, the Shanghai Carbon Exchange, set up by the state, regulates and trades carbon produced by mandatory industries. There is a lot of talk about this in society, but I won't talk about it here. I'm going to focus on carbon abatement and carbon asset development in the non-mandatory, voluntary carbon abatement area. This voluntary emission reduction area involves many aspects. It is a very important area and a promising one. It will play an important role in the construction of national ecological civilization and the reduction of China's total carbon emission.For example, what kind of car a person drives, how much fuel they burn per 100 kilometers, how much carbon they emit, and then working out the numbers, you reduce your carbon emissions by a certain amount every time you drive. Another example is the simplest invoicing. In the past, electronic invoicing can save carbon, and the carbon saved can be converted into carbon assets.

The same is true for other sectors, where carbon products can be developed and carbon assets can be formed.As for the government, it should vigorously and accelerate the launch of corresponding incentive policies and systems, and assign carbon value to these individuals and units as special carbon products. Encourage and promote every person in the whole society to become the subject of carbon reduction, and the green and low-carbon lifestyle will be formed faster. The development of carbon products in the field of voluntary emission reduction involves cities, development zones, industrial zones, all walks of life, different units, enterprises, schools, hospitals, public institutions and communities, all of which have the space value of carbon reduction. Different types of carbon can be developed to form carbon assets.

Second, carbon trading

Our country has just started operation, Shanghai has started trading, the first hammer knocked out 50 yuan a ton, I believe there will be a rise in the future. It should be noted that the current scope of inquiry and rules and relevant trading systems are still localized systems developed in China's current situation, and are different from international standards and norms. First, the total carbon emission of each enterprise in China is estimated based on the amount of carbon released after the combustion of different fuels.Rather than calculating carbon emissions based on algorithms developed for fuels, feedstocks, products, processes, devices, etc., in real-world situations. Second, China has only limited several major industrial industries as mandatory carbon emission reduction industries. A fraction of the carbon that companies in these industries cut could be traded on exchanges. This is because: third, the total amount of carbon emission of each enterprise in these industries is the quota given by relevant government departments. Under the premise of such institutional arrangement, it is impossible to encourage enterprises to increase investment in carbon emission reduction technology research and development. It is easy to make the carbon trading market become a seasonal trading place caused by the annual carbon quota of enterprises. Although there are exchanges, it is difficult to form a regular market; Despite having the world's largest volume of carbon, it is not the world's largest volume of carbon trading and value. This will neither promote nor even support China's carbon peak, carbon neutral, better and faster development.

(3) Carbon sinks

A few final words on carbon sinks.Carbon neutralization generally refers to the carbon dioxide emitted by human production activities, and the carbon emitted and absorbed by nature, combined to achieve carbon neutralization. Carbon sink refers to the carbon dioxide that can be absorbed and solidified by nature and human activities. It refers to the process of absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through afforestation, vegetation restoration and other measures. For example, the ocean can absorb about 30% of the carbon emitted by human activities.As a result, governments are encouraging businesses and businesses to plant forests and trees in large quantities and trade the solidified carbon as a carbon sink. This is an area that cannot be ignored to achieve carbon neutrality.

It should be pointed out that if companies are considering planting forests to increase carbon sinks in terms of achieving carbon neutrality, they should consider tree species that can be repeatedly cut down and replanted. Because trees have a finite number of growing seasons, they can sequester only a limited amount of carbon over their lifetime, so repeated planting is necessary to increase the sink. Other types of sinks, from an enterprise perspective, should also be repeatable to add value.

Technology should be considered as the core of financial investment.The financial investment around carbon should take the technologies embodied in the carbon value chain of enterprises as the core, and consider the role of various carbon reduction technologies in adjusting the energy structure, adjusting the industrial structure, reducing carbon emissions and developing carbon products. Technology is at the heart of all sectors and links, whether it is energy restructuring, stock reduction, new product development or industrial restructuring. Therefore, to make financial investment, we need to firmly grasp technology as the core consideration.

● Carbon neutrality is a major opportunity for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.● Each and every one of us, every enterprise, every organization should not see carbon neutrality as a problem or a challenge, but as an opportunity. Treat carbon neutrality as an opportunity, and you will seize it.● Carbon neutrality is the only way for sustainable development of enterprises. Early action, early initiative, early action.